Opioid (analgetik narkotika)

Apa iku opioid (analgesik narkotika)?

Opioid (analgesik narkotika) minangka kelas obat sing digunakake kanggo nyuda nyeri akut utawa kronis sing moderat nganti abot. Bisa uga kasebut opiat, analgesik opioid, utawa narkotika. Analgesik minangka jeneng liya kanggo obat sing nyuda rasa nyeri. Analgesik opioid minangka opioid sing bisa diwènèhaké dhokter kanggo nyuda rasa lara.

Analgesik opioid minangka salah sawijining analgesik sing paling umum digunakake kanggo nyuda rasa nyeri; Nanging, padha wis overused, overprescribed, lan misused sing wis nyebabake luwih saka rong yuta wong ing AS mung duwe kelainan penyalahgunaan zat nglibatno analgesik opioid resep. minangka bagéan saka sistem utusan ing awak kita sing ngontrol rasa nyeri, lan prilaku sing nyenengake lan gawe ketagihan. Reseptor opioid luwih akeh ing otak lan sumsum tulang belakang nanging uga ana ing papan liya ing awak kayata weteng lan paru-paru. Reseptor opioid utama sing diikat opioid yaiku reseptor mu.

Analgesik opioid digunakake kanggo apa?

Biyen, analgesik opioid wis digunakake kanggo kabeh jinis nyeri, sing bisa nerangake sebabe saiki akeh wong sing ketagihan.

Panganggone analgesik opioid sing paling cocok yaiku kanggo ngilangi rasa nyeri sing jangka cendhak, kaya sing kedadeyan langsung sawise operasi utawa amarga kondisi medis.

Analgesik opioid uga bisa digunakake kanggo nyuda rasa lara amarga kanker, utawa kanggo perawatan paliatif utawa pungkasan umur. Padha mung kudu digunakake kanggo nambani jinis nyeri kronis liyane ing kahanan sing ketat lan kanthi ngawasi kanthi teliti.

Apa bedane antarane analgesik opioid?

Analgesik opioid beda-beda ing struktur, potensi. , lan cara diserap, disebarake, dimetabolisme lan diekskresikan ing awak.

Sawetara, kayata morfin lan kodein asale saka tanduran. Liyane, kayata heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, lan oxymorphone digawe kanthi ngowahi morfin lan diarani semi-sintetik. Ana telung kelas utama opioid - sing sacara struktural kaya morfin (phenanthrenes), sing meh padha karo fentanyl (phenylpiperidines), lan sing meh padha karo methadone (phenylheptylamines).

Analgesik opioid sing beda beda-beda. Potensi, adhedhasar sepira kuate ikatan karo reseptor opioid (contone, fentanyl 80 nganti 100 kaping luwih kuat tinimbang morfin). Iki tegese dosis kanggo siji opioid bisa uga beda banget karo liyane. Sanajan ana grafik konversi (iki ngandhani apa dosis opioid dibandhingake karo dosis analgesik morfin sing padha); iki mung paling apik minangka panuntun amarga variabel liyane, kayata genetika individu, nduweni peran ing cara wong nanggapi opioid.

Yen analgesik opioid dianggep cocok; codeine utawa tramadol kudu dicoba dhisik yen rasa lara entheng nganti sedheng. Yen nyeri ora nanggepi analgesik kasebut, utawa kanggo nyeri sing luwih abot, banjur hydromorphone, morphine, utawa oxycodone kudu dianggep. Fentanyl lan metadon mung kudu digunakake kanggo nyeri abot sing ora responsif kanggo analgesik opioid liyane.

Analgesik opioid umum sing kasedhiya ing AS kalebu:

Jeneng Rute Wiwitan efek Durasi efek
alfentanil Intravena (IV) 90 detik 45-60 menit
kodeine Lisan 15-60 menit 3-4 jam
fentanyl IV Langsung 0.5-1h
Intramuskular (IM) 7-8 menit 1-2 jam
Buccal (liwat gusi) Sublingual (SL) 5-15mnt 4-6 jam
Transdermal patch (liwat kulit) 6h 72-96 jam
hidrokodon Oral 10-20 menit 4-8 jam
hidromorfon Lisan 15-30 menit 3-4 jam
IV 5 menit 3-4 jam
metadon Subkutan (SC) (ing ngisor kulit) 15 menit 3-4 jam
morfin Lisan 30-60 menit 3-6 jam (langsung-release) 8-24 jam (extended-release)
IV/SC 5-10 menit 4 jam
oxycodone Lisan 10-15 menit 3-6 jam
oxymorphone Lisan 30-60 menit (langsung-release) 1-2 jam (extended-release) 4-6 jam (langsung-rilis ) 12 jam (extended-release)
IM/IV/SC 5-10 menit 3-6 jam< /td>
tramadol Oral 30-60 menit (langsung-release) 1-2 jam (extended-release) 4-6 jam (langsung-release) 24 jam (extended-release)

Apa analgesik opioid aman?

Ana risiko serius sing ana gandhengane karo analgesik opioid kalebu depresi pernapasan (ambegan sing alon lan cethek), kelainan panggunaan opioid, lan overdosis sing bisa fatal.

Gangguan panggunaan opioid ditetepake minangka kedadeyan bola-bali paling ora. loro saka 11 masalah sing gegandhengan karo opioid, kalebu nggunakake opioid kanthi jumlah sing tambah utawa luwih suwe tinimbang sing dikarepake; terus nggunakake sanajan ngganggu aktivitas saben dina; utawa isih digunakake nalika ing kahanan mbebayani. Kelainan panggunaan opioid sing abot ditetepake minangka klompok 6 utawa luwih masalah lan bisa mengaruhi wong saka kabeh latar mburi pendidikan lan sosial ekonomi.

Analgesik opioid duweni potensi gawe ketagihan lan risiko dadi gumantung emosional lan fisik. mundhak liyane sing njupuk lan maneh sampeyan njupuk kanggo. Nalika diresepake dening dokter lan digunakake kanggo wektu sing cendhak, kayata kurang saka limang dina kanggo nyuda rasa nyeri sawise operasi, risiko dadi ketagihan analgesik opioid relatif kurang. Jumlah overdosis fatal saka opioid terus mundhak.

Yen dijupuk persis kaya sing diwènèhaké dhokter, kanggo wektu sing cendhak, kanggo ngilangi rasa nyeri sing abot, lan ing pengawasan sing ketat, analgesik opioid dianggep bisa digunakake. Nanging, bisa uga ana sawetara efek samping sing abot, sanajan digunakake kanthi bener.

Apa efek samping analgesik opioid?

Analgesik opioid duwe akeh efek samping, sanajan wong sing nandhang lara. kanker utawa penyakit terminal sing njupuk opioid kanggo wektu sing suwe bisa dadi toleran kanggo sawetara efek samping kasebut.

Ngantuk, ngantuk, utawa pusing umume ana ing umume analgesik opioid. Iki bisa mengaruhi nyopir utawa kemampuan wong kanggo ngoperasikake mesin lan nindakake tugas sing mbebayani liyane. Alkohol bisa nyebabake efek kasebut.

Efek samping liyane sing umum dilapurake kalebu:

  • Sembelit
  • Kanggel ambegan
  • Gatel utawa a ruam kulit
  • Kehilangan napsu
  • Tekanan darah rendah
  • Miosis (penyempitan pupil mata)
  • Mual lan muntah< /li>
  • Masalah karo urination
  • Shakeness utawa tremor
  • Detak jantung alon.

Gejala mundur bisa kedadeyan yen wong sing wis njupuk analgesik opioid tiba-tiba mandheg njupuk. Gejala kasebut kaya flu, lan bisa uga kalebu nyeri awak, hawa adhem, depresi, diare, kringet, sirah, tekanan darah tinggi, insomnia, irritability, irung meler lan kringet. Gejala mundur biasane kira-kira seminggu.

Referensi

  • Drewes AM, Jensen RD, Nielsen LM, et al. Bedane antarane opioid: perspektif farmakologis, eksperimental, klinis lan ekonomis. Jurnal Farmakologi Klinis Inggris. 2013;75(1):60-78. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04317.x.
  • Busse, J. W., Craigie, S., Juurlink, D. N., Buckley, D. N., Wang, L., Couban, R. J., Agoritsas, T ., Akl, E. A., Carrasco-Labra, A., Cooper, L., Cull, C., da Costa, B. R., Frank, J. W., Grant, G., Iorio, A., Persaud, N., Stern, S ., Tugwell, P., Vandvik, P. O., & Guyatt, G. H. (2017). Pedoman kanggo terapi opioid lan nyeri non-kanker kronis. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 189(18), E659–E666. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.170363
  • Tingkat Pati Overdosis Obat. Institut Nasional Penyalahgunaan Narkoba. 2023. https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates

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    Dhaptar obat karo Opioid (analgetik narkotika)

    Jeneng Obat
    Abstral
    Generic name: Fentanyl (sublingual)
    Actiq
    Generic name: Fentanyl Citrate (oral Transmucosal)
    Alfentanil
    Generic name: Alfentanil
    Arymo ER
    Generic name: Morphine (MOR-feen)
    Astramorph PF
    Generic name: Morphine (MOR-feen)
    Avinza
    Generic name: Morphine
    ConZip
    Generic name: Tramadol
    Belbuca
    Generic name: Buprenorphine (oral/buccal)
    Buprenex
    Generic name: Buprenorphine Injection
    Buprenorphine
    Generic name: Buprenorphine
    Butorphanol injection
    Generic name: Butorphanol (injection)
    Butorphanol nasal
    Generic name: Butorphanol (nasal)
    Butrans
    Generic name: Buprenorphine Transdermal (skin Patch)
    Dazidox
    Generic name: Oxycodone
    Demerol
    Generic name: Meperidine
    Demerol (Meperidine Injection)
    Generic name: Meperidine
    Demerol (Meperidine Oral)
    Generic name: Meperidine
    Dilaudid
    Generic name: Hydromorphone (oral)
    Dilaudid (Hydromorphone Injection)
    Generic name: Hydromorphone
    Dilaudid (Hydromorphone Oral)
    Generic name: Hydromorphone
    Dilaudid injection
    Generic name: Hydromorphone (injection)
    Dilaudid rectal
    Generic name: Hydromorphone (rectal)
    Dilaudid-5
    Generic name: Hydromorphone
    Dilaudid-HP
    Generic name: Hydromorphone
    Diskets Dispersible
    Generic name: Methadone
    Dolophine
    Generic name: Methadone
    Dsuvia
    Generic name: Sufentanil
    Duragesic
    Generic name: Fentanyl Transdermal (skin Patch)
    Duragesic-100 skin patch
    Generic name: Fentanyl Transdermal (skin Patch)
    Duramorph
    Generic name: Morphine (MOR-feen)
    Duramorph PF injection
    Generic name: Morphine (injection)
    Eth-Oxydose
    Generic name: Oxycodone
    Exalgo
    Generic name: Hydromorphone (oral)
    Fentanyl
    Generic name: Fentanyl
    Fentanyl (Buccal mucosa, Oromucosal, Sublingual)
    Generic name: Fentanyl
    Fentanyl (Injection)
    Generic name: Fentanyl
    Fentanyl (Transdermal)
    Generic name: Fentanyl
    Fentanyl buccal/sublingual
    Generic name: Fentanyl (buccal/sublingual)
    Fentanyl citrate oral transmucosal
    Generic name: Fentanyl Citrate (oral Transmucosal)
    Fentanyl nasal
    Generic name: Fentanyl (nasal)
    Fentanyl transdermal skin patch
    Generic name: Fentanyl Transdermal (skin Patch)
    Fentora
    Generic name: Fentanyl (buccal/sublingual)
    FusePaq Synapryn
    Generic name: Tramadol
    Hydromorphone
    Generic name: Hydromorphone (oral)
    Hydromorphone (Oral)
    Generic name: Hydromorphone
    Hydromorphone injection
    Generic name: Hydromorphone (injection)
    Hydromorphone rectal
    Generic name: Hydromorphone (rectal)
    Hysingla ER
    Generic name: Hydrocodone (oral)
    Infumorph
    Generic name: Morphine (MOR-feen)
    Infumorph injection
    Generic name: Morphine (injection)
    Ionsys
    Generic name: Fentanyl Transdermal (device)
    Kadian
    Generic name: Morphine (oral)
    Kadian ER
    Generic name: Morphine (MOR-feen)
    Lazanda
    Generic name: Fentanyl (nasal)
    Levo-Dromoran
    Generic name: Levorphanol
    Levorphanol
    Generic name: Levorphanol (oral)
    Meperidine
    Generic name: Meperidine (oral/injection)
    Meperidine (Injection)
    Generic name: Meperidine
    Meperidine (Oral)
    Generic name: Meperidine
    Meperitab
    Generic name: Meperidine
    Methadone
    Generic name: Methadone (oral/injection)
    Methadone (Oral)
    Generic name: Methadone
    Methadose
    Generic name: Methadone
    Mitigo injection
    Generic name: Morphine (injection)
    Morphabond
    Generic name: Morphine (MOR-feen)
    Morphabond ER
    Generic name: Morphine (MOR-feen)
    Morphine
    Generic name: Morphine (oral)
    Morphine (Epidural)
    Generic name: Morphine
    Morphine (Oral)
    Generic name: Morphine (MOR-feen)
    Morphine injection
    Generic name: Morphine (injection)
    MS Contin
    Generic name: Morphine Sulfate (oral)
    Nalbuphine
    Generic name: Nalbuphine
    Nubain
    Generic name: Nalbuphine
    Nucynta
    Generic name: Tapentadol
    Nucynta ER
    Generic name: Tapentadol
    Numorphan
    Generic name: Oxymorphone
    Oliceridine
    Generic name: Oliceridine
    Olinvyk
    Generic name: Oliceridine
    Onsolis
    Generic name: Fentanyl (buccal)
    Opana
    Generic name: Oxymorphone
    Opana ER
    Generic name: Oxymorphone
    Opium
    Generic name: Opium
    Opium preparation
    Generic name: Opium Preparation
    Oramorph SR
    Generic name: Morphine (MOR-feen)
    Oxaydo
    Generic name: Oxycodone
    Oxecta
    Generic name: Oxycodone
    Oxycodone
    Generic name: Oxycodone
    Oxycontin
    Generic name: Oxycodone
    Oxycontin CR
    Generic name: Oxycodone
    Oxydose
    Generic name: Oxycodone
    Oxyfast
    Generic name: Oxycodone
    OxyIR
    Generic name: Oxycodone
    Oxymorphone
    Generic name: Oxymorphone
    Oxymorphone (Injection)
    Generic name: Oxymorphone
    Oxymorphone (Oral)
    Generic name: Oxymorphone
    Palladone
    Generic name: Hydromorphone
    Pentazocine
    Generic name: Pentazocine
    Propoxyphene
    Generic name: Propoxyphene
    Qdolo
    Generic name: Tramadol Hydrochloride
    Remifentanil
    Generic name: Remifentanil
    Roxanol
    Generic name: Morphine (MOR-feen)
    Roxanol-T
    Generic name: Morphine (MOR-feen)
    Roxicodone
    Generic name: Oxycodone
    Roxicodone Intensol
    Generic name: Oxycodone
    RoxyBond
    Generic name: Oxycodone
    Rybix ODT
    Generic name: Tramadol
    Ryzolt
    Generic name: Tramadol
    Stadol
    Generic name: Butorphanol
    Stadol NS
    Generic name: Butorphanol
    Sublimaze
    Generic name: Fentanyl
    Subsys
    Generic name: Fentanyl (buccal/sublingual)
    Sufenta
    Generic name: Sufentanil
    Sufentanil (Injection)
    Generic name: Sufentanil
    Sufentanil (Sublingual)
    Generic name: Sufentanil
    Talwin
    Generic name: Pentazocine
    Tapentadol
    Generic name: Tapentadol
    Tramadol
    Generic name: Tramadol
    TraMADol Hydrochloride ER (Eqv-Ryzolt)
    Generic name: Tramadol
    TraMADol Hydrochloride ER (Eqv-Ultram ER)
    Generic name: Tramadol
    Ultiva
    Generic name: Remifentanil
    Ultram
    Generic name: Tramadol
    Ultram ER
    Generic name: Tramadol
    Vantrela ER
    Generic name: Hydrocodone
    Xtampza ER
    Generic name: Oxycodone
    Zohydro ER
    Generic name: Hydrocodone (oral)

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