Dexmedetomidine
Jeneng merek: Precedex
Kelas obat:
Agen Antineoplastik , Agen Antineoplastik , Agen Antineoplastik
Panganggone Dexmedetomidine
Sedasi ing Setelan Perawatan Kritis
Sedasi pasien sing pisanan diintubasi lan ventilasi mekanik ing setelan perawatan intensif (yaiku, ICU).
Bisa digunakake kanggo nyedhiyakake sedasi sing entheng nganti sedheng, nanging ora dianggep cocok kanggo sedasi jero.
FDA-label kanggo nggunakake mung kanggo short-term (<24 jam) sedasi; Nanging, wis digunakake kanggo sedasi sing dawa† [off-label] ing setelan perawatan intensif. (Deleng Toleransi lan Tachyphylaxis ing Cautions.)
Ngasilake sedasi, anxiolysis, lan analgesia tanpa nyebabake depresi pernapasan sing signifikan.
Katon efektif minangka propofol lan benzodiazepines (contone, midazolam, lorazepam) kanggo sedasi ing wong diwasa kanthi ventilasi mekanik sing lara kritis; Nanging, amarga sawetara keuntungan klinis sing sithik (umpamane, suda durasi ventilasi mekanik, wektu sing luwih cendhek kanggo ekstubasi, nyuda risiko delirium), obat penenang nonbenzodiazepine (dexmedetomidine utawa propofol) umume luwih disenengi tinimbang benzodiazepine.
Nalika milih agen sedative sing cocok, nimbang tujuan sedasi individu pasien saliyane kanggo obat-obatan tartamtu (contone, farmakologi, farmakokinetik, efek saru, kasedhiyan, biaya) lan sing gegandhengan karo pasien (contone, kondisi komorbid kayata minangka faktor kuatir, kejang, utawa alkohol utawa benzodiazepine).
Pasien sing nampa dexmedetomidine luwih nyenengake tinimbang sing nampa obat penenang liyane, sing bisa uga migunani kanggo uji coba awakening saben dina.
Amarga dexmedetomidine ora duwe efek depresan ambegan sing signifikan, infus obat kasebut bisa diterusake sawise ekstubasi, yen perlu.
Sedasi Prosedural
Sedasi pasien non-intubasi sadurunge lan/utawa sajrone operasi utawa prosedur liyane.
Efikasi komparatif karo agen sedative liyane durung ditetepake. Bisa uga luwih disenengi ing pasien tartamtu (umpamane, wong-wong sing kompromi ambegan karo benzodiazepine dadi prihatin); nanging, nimbang risiko lawan keuntungan.
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Carane nggunakake Dexmedetomidine
Umum
Administrasi
IV Administrasi
Kanggo informasi kompatibilitas solusi lan obat, deleng Kompatibilitas ing Stabilitas.
Administrasi dening infus IV.
Bisa adsorb kanggo sawetara jinis karet alam; nggunakake komponen administrasi sing digawe nganggo gasket karet alam sintetik utawa dilapisi.
Disedhiyakake sacara komersial minangka konsentrasi injeksi sing kudu diencerake sadurunge infus IV utawa minangka solusi siap-guna sing wis dicampur (dexmedetomidine hydrochloride ing 0,9% sodium injeksi klorida).
PengenceranKudu diencerake konsentrasi injeksi ing injeksi natrium klorida 0,9% sadurunge administrasi. Kanggo nyiapake konsentrasi 4-mcg/mL sing digunakake kanggo ngisi lan pangopènan infus, salah sawijining cara pengenceran yaiku nambahake 2 mL konsentrat (100 mcg/mL) dadi 48 mL injeksi natrium klorida 0,9%.
AdministrasiAdministrasi kanthi infus IV alon liwat piranti infus sing dikontrol.
Infus IV kanthi cepet sing digandhengake karo ilange selektivitas α2-adrenergik lan efek kardiovaskular sing ala. (Deleng Tindakan lan uga ndeleng Efek Kardiovaskular ing Ati-ati.)
Dosis
Kasedhiya minangka dexmedetomidine hydrochloride; dosis ditulis ing syarat-syarat dexmedetomidine.
Dewasa
Sedasi ing Critical Care Setelan IVInisiasi sedasi: 1 mcg/kg minangka infus loading liwat 10 menit. Amarga risiko efek hemodinamik sing ala, akeh dokter ora nyaranake dosis loading; yen dosis loading digunakake, ati-ati disaranake, utamane ing pasien karo bradikardia, blok jantung, utawa ketidakstabilan hemodinamik. Produsen nyatakake dosis loading bisa uga ora dibutuhake ing pasien sing ngowahi saka agen penenang alternatif.
Pangopènan sedasi: Infus IV terus-terusan kanthi tingkat 0,2–0,7 mcg/kg saben jam dianjurake. Nyetel tingkat infus menyang tingkat sedasi sing dikarepake; ing paling kasus, cahya tinimbang tingkat jero saka sedasi dianjurake ing gerah kritis, mechanically ventilated patients. Netepake kedalaman lan kualitas sedasi nggunakake alat penilaian sing wis divalidasi lan dipercaya. Nyetel dosis alon-alon kanggo nyuda risiko hipotensi lan efek samping liyane.
Bukti saka studi klinis ndhukung panggunaan tingkat infus nganti 1,5 mcg/kg saben jam.
Produsen nyatakake yen infus IV terus-terusan dexmedetomidine ora kudu ngluwihi 24 jam. Nanging, obat kasebut wis digunakake kanggo sedasi sing suwe (> 24 jam) ing ICU.
Sedasi Prosedur IVInisiasi sedasi: 1 mcg/kg minangka infus loading liwat 10 menit. Infus loading 0,5 mcg / kg sajrone 10 menit bisa uga cocog kanggo prosedur sing kurang invasif (contone, operasi ophthalmic). Kanggo intubasi fiberoptic awake, infus loading 1 mcg/kg liwat 10 menit dianjurake.
Mantenance sedasi: Miwiti infus pangopènan kanthi kecepatan 0,6 mcg/kg saben jam; nyetel tingkat ing sawetara 0,2-1 mcg / kg saben jam kanggo entuk tingkat sedasi sing dikarepake. Kanggo intubasi fiberoptic awake ing wong diwasa, infus pangopènan 0,7 mcg/kg saben jam dianjurake nganti tabung endotrakeal diamanake.
Populasi Khusus
Gangguan Hepatik
Coba nyuda dosis.
Gangguan Ginjal
Produsen ora menehi rekomendasi dosis khusus.
Pasien Geriatrik
Kanggo miwiti lan njaga sedasi ICU ing pasien geriatri> 65 taun, nimbang pengurangan dosis.
Kanggo sedasi prosedural ing pasien geriatrik> 65 taun, ngurangi dosis loading dadi 0,5 mcg/kg sajrone 10 menit; nimbang pengurangan dosis kanggo pangopènan sedasi prosedural.
Pènget
Kontraindikasi
Pènget/Panandhap Pancegahan Administrasi
Kanggo nyilikake risiko efek sing ora becik, tindakake rekomendasi kanggo administrasi lan ngawasi terapi dexmedetomidine. (Deleng Umum ing Dosis lan Administrasi.)
Efek Kardiovaskular
Bradikardia lan penahanan sinus kacarita ing wong diwasa enom lan sehat kanthi nada vagal dhuwur; uga digandhengake karo cara administrasi liyane, kalebu administrasi IV kanthi cepet.
Hipotensi lan/utawa bradikardia kerep dilapurake; sanajan intervensi arang dibutuhake, sawetara kasus nyebabake fatality. Bisa uga luwih jelas ing pasien geriatrik utawa sing duwe hipovolemia, diabetes mellitus, utawa hipertensi kronis. Yen perawatan dibutuhake, nimbang kalem utawa mungkasi infus dexmedetomidine, nambah cairan IV, ngangkat ekstremitas ngisor, lan / utawa nggunakake vasopressor; nimbang agen antikolinergik IV (contone, atropine sulfate, glycopyrrolate) kanggo ngowahi nada vagal. Tindakan resusitasi sing luwih maju bisa uga dibutuhake ing pasien sing duwe disfungsi kardiovaskular sing signifikan.
Hipertensi transien sing dilapurake kanthi dosis loading; perawatan umume ora dibutuhake, sanajan pangurangan ing tingkat infus dosis loading bisa uga dikarepake.
Supraventricular lan ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, extrasystoles, lan serangan jantung kacarita sak pengalaman postmarketing.
Gunakake kanthi ati-ati ing pasien kanthi (utawa beresiko) pamblokiran jantung lanjut lan/utawa disfungsi ventrikel sing abot, lan ing pasien sing nampa obat-obatan bebarengan sing nyuda konduksi jantung.
Efek Penarikan
Pembuangan dexmedetomidine kanthi tiba-tiba bisa nyebabake gejala mundur kaya klonidin. Acara sing ana hubungane karo mundur (umpamane, mual, muntah, agitasi, tachycardia, hipertensi) dilaporake sawise mandheg terapi ing sawetara pasien sawise infus sing dawa (nganti 7 dina) kanggo sedasi ICU. Gejala mundur ora dilapurake kanthi infus jangka pendek (<6 jam) kanggo sedasi prosedural.
Yen tachycardia lan/utawa hipertensi kedadeyan sawise mandheg saka dexmedetomidine, terapi dhukungan institusi.
Arousability
Sawetara pasien diamati dadi arousable lan waspada nalika dirangsang; ora kudu dianggep minangka bukti kurang khasiat yen ora ana tandha lan gejala liyane.
Toleransi lan Tachyphylaxis
Panganggone dexmedetomidine sajrone >24 jam sing ana hubungane karo toleransi, tachyphylaxis, lan tambah efek samping sing gegandhengan karo dosis.
Populasi Tertentu
KandhutanKategori C.
Ora ana studi sing nyukupi lan dikontrol kanthi apik ing wanita ngandhut. Ora ana bukti teratogenisitas ing studi kewan; Nanging, keracunan janin (contone, mundhut postimplantation, nyuda viabilitas pup, bobot kirik suda) diamati.
Gunakake nalika meteng mung yen keuntungan potensial mbenerake potensial risiko kanggo janin.
LaktasiDistribusi menyang susu ing clurut; ora dingerteni manawa disebarake menyang susu manungsa. Ati-ati yen digunakake ing wanita sing nyusoni.
Panggunaan PediatrikProdusen nyatakake safety lan khasiat ora ditetepake ing pasien pediatrik <18 taun. Nanging, obat kasebut wis digunakake ing pasien pediatrik sing ngalami sedasi ing ICU utawa setelan liyane kanggo nggampangake ventilasi mekanik utawa prosedur liyane (contone, pencitraan radiologis). Panaliten tambahan dibutuhake kanggo ngevaluasi keamanan obat ing populasi iki.
Panggunaan GeriatrikHipotensi lan/utawa bradikardia bisa uga luwih jelas. Coba nyuda dosis. (Deleng Pasien Geriatrik miturut Dosis lan Administrasi.)
Gagal GinjalFarmakokinetik ing pasien kanthi gangguan ginjel sing abot (Clcr <30 mL/menit) lan wong sing sehat padha.
Gangguan HepatikClearance bisa suda. Coba nyuda dosis. (Deleng Gangguan Hepatik ing Dosis lan Administrasi.)
Efek Umum sing Sabar
Infus jangka pendek (<24 jam) kanggo sedasi ICU: Hipotensi, hipertensi, mual, bradikardia, demam, muntah, hipovolemia, atelektasis, fibrilasi atrium, hipoksia, takikardia , pendarahan, anemia, tutuk garing.
Infus jangka panjang (>24 jam) kanggo sedasi ICU: Hipotensi, bradikardia, hipertensi, takikardia, hipokalemia, agitasi, hiperglikemia, konstipasi, hipoglikemia, gagal ambegan.
Sedasi prosedural: Hipotensi, depresi pernapasan, bradikardia, hipertensi, takikardia, mual, tutuk garing.
Apa obatan liyane bakal mengaruhi Dexmedetomidine
Dimetabolisme dening isoenzim CYP, utamane CYP2A6. Nanging, ora ana bukti interaksi obat-obatan sing dimediasi CYP sing penting sacara klinis in vitro.
Obat kanthi Efek Kronotropik Negatif
Potensi interaksi farmakodinamik (efek farmakodinamik aditif). Gunakake kanthi ati-ati.
Obat sing kaiket protein
Interaksi farmakokinetik ora mungkin.
Obat Spesifik
Obat
Interaksi
Komentar
Anestetik
Efek farmakologis aditif
Mungkin mbutuhake pangurangan dosis dexmedetomidine utawa obat bebarengan
Digoksin
Owah-owahan sing diabaikan ing ikatan protein dexmedetomidine ing vitro; pamindahan digoxin sing bisa diabaikan saka situs pengikat protein in vitro
Kamungkinan efek aditif hipotensi lan bradikardi
Ati-ati dianjurake
Fentanyl
Owah-owahan sing bisa diabaikan ing dexmedetomidine ikatan protein in vitro
Ibuprofen
Pamindahan ibuprofen sing bisa diabaikan saka situs ikatan protein ing vitro
Ketorolac
Owah-owahan sing diabaikan ing dexmedetomidine pengikat protein in vitro
Lidocaine
Owah-owahan sing bisa diabaikan ing ikatan protein dexmedetomidine ing vitro
Agen pamblokiran neuromuskular
Peningkatan konsentrasi rocuronium plasma
Ora ana efek klinis penting ing blokade neuromuskular
Agonis opiate
Efek farmakologis aditif
Mungkin mbutuhake pangurangan dosis dexmedetomidine utawa obat bebarengan
Fenitoin
Pamindahan sing bisa diabaikan. fenitoin saka situs pengikat protein in vitro
Propranolol
Pamindahan propranolol sing bisa diabaikan saka situs pengikat protein in vitro
Sedatives/hipnotik
Efek farmakologis aditif
Mungkin mbutuhake pangurangan dosis dexmedetomidine utawa obat bebarengan
Teofilin
Owah-owahan sing bisa diabaikan ing ikatan protein dexmedetomidine ing vitro; pamindahan teofilin sing bisa diabaikan saka situs pengikat protein in vitro
Vasodilator
Kamungkinan efek hipotensi aditif
Gunakake kanthi ati-ati
Warfarin
Pamindahan warfarin sing bisa diabaikan saka situs pengikat protein in vitro
Disclaimer
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