EPINEPHrine (EENT)
Kelas obat: Agen Antineoplastik
Panganggone EPINEPHrine (EENT)
Open-Angle Glaukoma
Penurunan TIO munggah ing pasien karo glaukoma sudut terbuka. Umume digunakake minangka tambahan karo miotik topikal, agen pamblokiran β-adrenergik topikal, agen osmotik, lan/utawa inhibitor karbonik anhidrase sing diwenehake sacara sistemik; bisa duwe efek aditif ing IOP Mudhunake. Epinefrin bebarengan karo miotik bisa nyuda miosis lan spasme ciliary sing asring kedadeyan nalika miotik digunakake dhewe.
Respon pasien marang epinefrin beda banget; sawetara pasien ora nanggapi. Pembacaan tonometrik bola-bali disaranake sajrone perawatan, utamane ing pasien geriatrik.
Diagnosis glaukoma sudut terbuka kanthi studi gonioskopik lan slit lamp sing ati-ati; panggunaan ing pasien karo glaukoma sudut tertutup utawa sing duwe predisposisi kanggo penutupan sudut dikontraindikasi.
Mydriasis for Surgery
Sanajan kurang efektif tinimbang mydriatics liyane ing mata normal, epinefrin ngasilake midriasis efektif nalika permeabilitas mripat tambah amarga trauma (contone, nalika operasi).
Induksi mydriasis kanthi cepet sajrone operasi (contone, ekstraksi katarak) liwat aplikasi topikal menyang konjungtiva utawa injeksi menyang kamar anterior mripat.
Mydriasis for SyneChiae
Kontak topikal sing dawa (contone, liwat sumbu katun jenuh) kanthi mripat kanggo ngindhuksi midriasis sing cukup kanggo ngrusak synechiae posterior† [off-label].
Diwenehake suBConjunctivaly bebarengan karo atropin lan kokain kanggo ngasilake midriasis lan kanthi mangkono ngrusak synechiae posterior† [off-label] ora responsif kanggo terapi topikal.
Mydriasis kanggo Ophthalmoscopy
Sanajan umume kontraindikasi ing pasien karo glaukoma sudut tertutup, epinefrin bisa digunakake kanggo ngasilake midriasis kanggo ophthalmoscopy† [off-label] ing pasien sing duwe predisposisi penutupan sudut. Wenehi inhibitor karbonat anhidrase lan agen osmotik (umpamane, gliserin) kanthi lisan sadurunge pemeriksaan. Nanging, sanajan langkah-langkah kasebut ora bisa nyegah serangan glaukoma penutupan sudut akut sing ora responsif kanggo perawatan; bedhah bisa uga dibutuhake.
Perdarahan superfisial
Digunakake sacara lokal minangka agen hemostatik kanggo ngontrol pendarahan superfisial saka arteriol lan kapiler ing kulit lan membran mukus ing mripat, irung, tutuk, tenggorokan utawa laring, utamane nalika operasi. Ora efektif kanggo getihen saka pembuluh sing luwih gedhe.
Utamané migunani kanggo nyegah oozing saka prau cilik sing nyamar rincian bedhah nalika operasi ophthalmic.
Utamané migunani minangka agen hemostatik ing operasi dental.
Tambahan kanggo Anestesi Lokal
Ditambahake menyang solusi sawetara anestesi lokal kanggo nyuda tingkat penyerapan vaskular (kanggo lokal lan ndawakake durasi anestesi). Risiko keracunan sistemik sing disebabake dening anestesi lokal uga suda, lan getihen ing lapangan operasi bisa suda.
Tambahan Obat Lokal Liyane
Peningkatan penetrasi intraokular saka obat sing disuntikake subconjunctivally† [off-label]. Vasokonstriksi lokal nambah efek lokal sekunder kanggo nyuda mundhut obat saka depot subconjunctival menyang sirkulasi sistemik, kanthi asil tambah penetrasi intraokular. otot† [off-label]. Uga nyuda risiko pendarahan subconjunctival sekunder kanggo karusakan pembuluh konjungtiva.
Konjungtivitis
Decongestion nalika ditrapake topikal menyang conjunctiva kanggo konjungtivitis sekunder kanggo iritasi kronis utawa alergi nonspesifik. Decongestion biasane tahan kurang saka 1 jam lan bisa uga diiringi hiperemia reaktif. Dekongestan sing luwih dawa tumindak luwih disenengi.
Nasal Congestion
Decongestion kanggo rhinitis alergi utawa non-alergi utawa sinusitis akut nalika ditrapake topikal menyang mukosa irung. Duration saka tumindak cendhak lan rebound kemacetan asring dumadi. Dekongestan sing luwih dawa tumindak luwih disenengi.
Related obat
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- Acyclovir (Systemic)
- Adenovirus Vaccine
- Aldomet
- Aluminum Acetate
- Aluminum Chloride (Topical)
- Ambien
- Ambien CR
- Aminosalicylic Acid
- Anacaulase
- Anacaulase
- Anifrolumab (Systemic)
- Antacids
- Anthrax Immune Globulin IV (Human)
- Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant), Fc fusion protein (Systemic)
- Antihemophilic Factor (recombinant), Fc-VWF-XTEN Fusion Protein
- Antihemophilic Factor (recombinant), PEGylated
- Antithrombin alfa
- Antithrombin alfa
- Antithrombin III
- Antithrombin III
- Antithymocyte Globulin (Equine)
- Antivenin (Latrodectus mactans) (Equine)
- Apremilast (Systemic)
- Aprepitant/Fosaprepitant
- Articaine
- Asenapine
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- Avacincaptad Pegol (EENT)
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- Axicabtagene (Systemic)
- Clidinium
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- Clonidine
- Clonidine (Epidural)
- Clonidine (Oral)
- Clonidine injection
- Clonidine transdermal
- Co-trimoxazole
- COVID-19 Vaccine (Janssen) (Systemic)
- COVID-19 Vaccine (Moderna)
- COVID-19 Vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech)
- Crizanlizumab-tmca (Systemic)
- Cromolyn (EENT)
- Cromolyn (Systemic, Oral Inhalation)
- Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab
- CycloSPORINE (EENT)
- CycloSPORINE (EENT)
- CycloSPORINE (Systemic)
- Cysteamine Bitartrate
- Cysteamine Hydrochloride
- Cysteamine Hydrochloride
- Cytomegalovirus Immune Globulin IV
- A1-Proteinase Inhibitor
- A1-Proteinase Inhibitor
- Bacitracin (EENT)
- Baloxavir
- Baloxavir
- Bazedoxifene
- Beclomethasone (EENT)
- Beclomethasone (Systemic, Oral Inhalation)
- Belladonna
- Belsomra
- Benralizumab (Systemic)
- Benzocaine (EENT)
- Bepotastine
- Betamethasone (Systemic)
- Betaxolol (EENT)
- Betaxolol (Systemic)
- Bexarotene (Systemic)
- Bismuth Salts
- Botulism Antitoxin (Equine)
- Brimonidine (EENT)
- Brivaracetam
- Brivaracetam
- Brolucizumab
- Brompheniramine
- Budesonide (EENT)
- Budesonide (Systemic, Oral Inhalation)
- Bulk-Forming Laxatives
- Bupivacaine (Local)
- BuPROPion (Systemic)
- Buspar
- Buspar Dividose
- Buspirone
- Butoconazole
- Cabotegravir (Systemic)
- Caffeine/Caffeine and Sodium Benzoate
- Calcitonin
- Calcium oxybate, magnesium oxybate, potassium oxybate, and sodium oxybate
- Calcium Salts
- Calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates
- Candida Albicans Skin Test Antigen
- Cantharidin (Topical)
- Capmatinib (Systemic)
- Carbachol
- Carbamide Peroxide
- Carbamide Peroxide
- Carmustine
- Castor Oil
- Catapres
- Catapres-TTS
- Catapres-TTS-1
- Catapres-TTS-2
- Catapres-TTS-3
- Ceftolozane/Tazobactam (Systemic)
- Cefuroxime
- Centruroides Immune F(ab′)2
- Cetirizine (EENT)
- Charcoal, Activated
- Chloramphenicol
- Chlorhexidine (EENT)
- Chlorhexidine (EENT)
- Cholera Vaccine Live Oral
- Choriogonadotropin Alfa
- Ciclesonide (EENT)
- Ciclesonide (Systemic, Oral Inhalation)
- Ciprofloxacin (EENT)
- Citrates
- Dacomitinib (Systemic)
- Dapsone (Systemic)
- Dapsone (Systemic)
- Daridorexant
- Darolutamide (Systemic)
- Dasatinib (Systemic)
- DAUNOrubicin and Cytarabine
- Dayvigo
- Dehydrated Alcohol
- Delafloxacin
- Delandistrogene Moxeparvovec (Systemic)
- Dengue Vaccine Live
- Dexamethasone (EENT)
- Dexamethasone (Systemic)
- Dexmedetomidine
- Dexmedetomidine
- Dexmedetomidine
- Dexmedetomidine (Intravenous)
- Dexmedetomidine (Oromucosal)
- Dexmedetomidine buccal/sublingual
- Dexmedetomidine injection
- Dextran 40
- Diclofenac (Systemic)
- Dihydroergotamine
- Dimethyl Fumarate (Systemic)
- Diphenoxylate
- Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids
- Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed
- Diroximel Fumarate (Systemic)
- Docusate Salts
- Donislecel-jujn (Systemic)
- Doravirine, Lamivudine, and Tenofovir Disoproxil
- Doxepin (Systemic)
- Doxercalciferol
- Doxycycline (EENT)
- Doxycycline (Systemic)
- Doxycycline (Systemic)
- Doxylamine
- Duraclon
- Duraclon injection
- Dyclonine
- Edaravone
- Edluar
- Efgartigimod Alfa (Systemic)
- Eflornithine
- Eflornithine
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- Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, and tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
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- Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
- Entrectinib (Systemic)
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- EPINEPHrine (Systemic)
- Erythromycin (EENT)
- Erythromycin (Systemic)
- Estrogen-Progestin Combinations
- Estrogen-Progestin Combinations
- Estrogens, Conjugated
- Estropipate; Estrogens, Esterified
- Eszopiclone
- Ethchlorvynol
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- Evinacumab (Systemic)
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- Factor IX (Human), Factor IX Complex (Human)
- Factor IX (Recombinant)
- Factor IX (Recombinant), albumin fusion protein
- Factor IX (Recombinant), Fc fusion protein
- Factor VIIa (Recombinant)
- Factor Xa (recombinant), Inactivated-zhzo
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- Factor XIII A-Subunit (Recombinant)
- Faricimab
- Fecal microbiota, live
- Fedratinib (Systemic)
- Fenofibric Acid/Fenofibrate
- Fibrinogen (Human)
- Flunisolide (EENT)
- Fluocinolone (EENT)
- Fluorides
- Fluorouracil (Systemic)
- Flurbiprofen (EENT)
- Flurbiprofen (EENT)
- Flurbiprofen (EENT)
- Flurbiprofen (EENT)
- Fluticasone (EENT)
- Fluticasone (Systemic, Oral Inhalation)
- Fluticasone and Vilanterol (Oral Inhalation)
- Ganciclovir Sodium
- Gatifloxacin (EENT)
- Gentamicin (EENT)
- Gentamicin (Systemic)
- Gilteritinib (Systemic)
- Glofitamab
- Glycopyrronium
- Glycopyrronium
- Gonadotropin, Chorionic
- Goserelin
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- Guanadrel
- Guanethidine
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- Haemophilus b Vaccine
- Hepatitis A Virus Vaccine Inactivated
- Hepatitis B Vaccine Recombinant
- Hetlioz
- Hetlioz LQ
- Homatropine
- Hydrocortisone (EENT)
- Hydrocortisone (Systemic)
- Hydroquinone
- Hylorel
- Hyperosmotic Laxatives
- Ibandronate
- Igalmi buccal/sublingual
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- Influenza Vaccine Live Intranasal
- Influenza Vaccine Recombinant
- Influenza Virus Vaccine Inactivated
- Inotuzumab
- Insulin Human
- Interferon Alfa
- Interferon Beta
- Interferon Gamma
- Intermezzo
- Intuniv
- Iodoquinol (Topical)
- Iodoquinol (Topical)
- Ipratropium (EENT)
- Ipratropium (EENT)
- Ipratropium (Systemic, Oral Inhalation)
- Ismelin
- Isoproterenol
- Ivermectin (Systemic)
- Ivermectin (Topical)
- Ixazomib Citrate (Systemic)
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine
- Kapvay
- Ketoconazole (Systemic)
- Ketorolac (EENT)
- Ketorolac (EENT)
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- Ketorolac (Systemic)
- Ketotifen
- Lanthanum
- Lecanemab
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- Lemborexant
- Lenacapavir (Systemic)
- Leniolisib
- Letermovir
- Letermovir
- Levodopa/Carbidopa
- LevoFLOXacin (EENT)
- LevoFLOXacin (Systemic)
- L-Glutamine
- Lidocaine (Local)
- Lidocaine (Systemic)
- Linezolid
- Lofexidine
- Loncastuximab
- Lotilaner (EENT)
- Lotilaner (EENT)
- Lucemyra
- Lumasiran Sodium
- Lumryz
- Lunesta
- Mannitol
- Mannitol
- Mb-Tab
- Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine
- Mecamylamine
- Mechlorethamine
- Mechlorethamine
- Melphalan (Systemic)
- Meningococcal Groups A, C, Y, and W-135 Vaccine
- Meprobamate
- Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol-epoetin Beta (Systemic)
- Methyldopa
- Methylergonovine, Ergonovine
- MetroNIDAZOLE (Systemic)
- MetroNIDAZOLE (Systemic)
- Miltown
- Minipress
- Minocycline (EENT)
- Minocycline (Systemic)
- Minoxidil (Systemic)
- Mometasone
- Mometasone (EENT)
- Moxifloxacin (EENT)
- Moxifloxacin (Systemic)
- Nalmefene
- Naloxone (Systemic)
- Natrol Melatonin + 5-HTP
- Nebivolol Hydrochloride
- Neomycin (EENT)
- Neomycin (Systemic)
- Netarsudil Mesylate
- Nexiclon XR
- Nicotine
- Nicotine
- Nicotine
- Nilotinib (Systemic)
- Nirmatrelvir
- Nirmatrelvir
- Nitroglycerin (Systemic)
- Ofloxacin (EENT)
- Ofloxacin (Systemic)
- Oliceridine Fumarate
- Olipudase Alfa-rpcp (Systemic)
- Olopatadine
- Omadacycline (Systemic)
- Osimertinib (Systemic)
- Oxacillin
- Oxymetazoline
- Pacritinib (Systemic)
- Palovarotene (Systemic)
- Paraldehyde
- Peginterferon Alfa
- Peginterferon Beta-1a (Systemic)
- Penicillin G
- Pentobarbital
- Pentosan
- Pilocarpine Hydrochloride
- Pilocarpine, Pilocarpine Hydrochloride, Pilocarpine Nitrate
- Placidyl
- Plasma Protein Fraction
- Plasminogen, Human-tmvh
- Pneumococcal Vaccine
- Polymyxin B (EENT)
- Polymyxin B (Systemic, Topical)
- PONATinib (Systemic)
- Poractant Alfa
- Posaconazole
- Potassium Supplements
- Pozelimab (Systemic)
- Pramoxine
- Prazosin
- Precedex
- Precedex injection
- PrednisoLONE (EENT)
- PrednisoLONE (Systemic)
- Progestins
- Propylhexedrine
- Protamine
- Protein C Concentrate
- Protein C Concentrate
- Prothrombin Complex Concentrate
- Pyrethrins with Piperonyl Butoxide
- Quviviq
- Ramelteon
- Relugolix, Estradiol, and Norethindrone Acetate
- Remdesivir (Systemic)
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine, Adjuvanted (Systemic)
- RifAXIMin (Systemic)
- Roflumilast (Systemic)
- Roflumilast (Topical)
- Roflumilast (Topical)
- Rotavirus Vaccine Live Oral
- Rozanolixizumab (Systemic)
- Rozerem
- Ruxolitinib (Systemic)
- Saline Laxatives
- Selenious Acid
- Selexipag
- Selexipag
- Selpercatinib (Systemic)
- Sirolimus (Systemic)
- Sirolimus, albumin-bound
- Smallpox and Mpox Vaccine Live
- Smallpox Vaccine Live
- Sodium Chloride
- Sodium Ferric Gluconate
- Sodium Nitrite
- Sodium oxybate
- Sodium Phenylacetate and Sodium Benzoate
- Sodium Thiosulfate (Antidote) (Systemic)
- Sodium Thiosulfate (Protectant) (Systemic)
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- Sonata
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- Suvorexant
- Tacrolimus (Systemic)
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- Tafenoquine (Krintafel)
- Talquetamab (Systemic)
- Tasimelteon
- Tedizolid
- Telotristat
- Tenex
- Terbinafine (Systemic)
- Tetrahydrozoline
- Tezacaftor and Ivacaftor
- Theophyllines
- Thrombin
- Thrombin Alfa (Recombinant) (Topical)
- Timolol (EENT)
- Timolol (Systemic)
- Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab
- Tobramycin (EENT)
- Tobramycin (Systemic)
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- Trametinib Dimethyl Sulfoxide
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- Valproate/Divalproex
- Vanspar
- Varenicline (Systemic)
- Varenicline (Systemic)
- Varenicline Tartrate (EENT)
- Vecamyl
- Vitamin B12
- Vonoprazan, Clarithromycin, and Amoxicillin
- Wytensin
- Xyrem
- Xywav
- Zaleplon
- Zirconium Cyclosilicate
- Zolpidem
- Zolpidem (Oral)
- Zolpidem (Oromucosal, Sublingual)
- ZolpiMist
- Zoster Vaccine Recombinant
- 5-hydroxytryptophan, melatonin, and pyridoxine
Carane nggunakake EPINEPHrine (EENT)
Administrasi
Olesake ing kulit lan selaput lendir ing mripat, irung, tutuk, tenggorokan, utawa laring.
Kanggo panggunaan ophthalmic, preparat parenteral bisa disuntikake intracameral utawa subconjunctivally.
Kanggo panggunaan oral lokal, preparat parenteral bisa nyusup menyang vestibul bukal lan mukosa.
Administrasi Ophthalmic
Solusi ophthalmic mung kanggo panggunaan topikal lan ora kena disuntikake. Kanggo injeksi, mung preparat parenteral sing kudu digunakake.
Biasane ditrapake ing konjungtiva mata sing kena pengaruh.
Kanggo ngindhari gangguan visual sing disebabake saka midriasis, gunakake nalika arep turu.
Persediaan ophthalmic umume ora bisa digunakake bebarengan karo nganggo lensa kontak alus, amarga epinefrin bisa nyebabake adrenochrome. pewarnaan (warna ireng) saka lensa.
Yen solusi kapisah saka epinefrin lan miotik topikal digunakake, miotik kudu diselehake 2-10 menit sadurunge epinefrin amarga kapasitas winates saka kantong konjungtiva.
Mungkin disuntikake intracamerally (menyang kamar anterior mripat) utawa subconjunctivally (ing ngisor kapsul Tenon) (contone, kanggo ngontrol pendarahan utawa ngasilake mydriasis).
Kanggo nyedhiyakake mydriasis kanthi cepet sajrone operasi (umpamane, ekstraksi katarak), aplikasi topikal menyang konjungtiva utawa nyuntikake menyang kamar anterior mripat.
Kanggo ngrusak synechiae posterior†, aplikasi topikal liwat sumbu katun jenuh sing diselehake ing cul-de-sac konjungtiva ngisor utawa suntik subconjunctivaly kanggo synechiae sing ora responsif marang terapi topikal.
Administrasi Nasal
Solusi irung mung kanggo panggunaan topikal lan ora kena disuntikake.
Aplikasi topikal menyang mukosa irung minangka tetes utawa semprotan utawa nganggo swab steril.
Dosis
Kasedhiya minangka epinefrin hidroklorida; dosis ditulis ing syarat-syarat epinefrin.
Nalika epinefrin digunakake minangka mydriatic, iku kurang efektif ing peteng tinimbang ing mripat werna padhang; konsentrasi lan / utawa dosis sing luwih dhuwur bisa uga dibutuhake ing pasien kanthi mata coklat utawa hazel.
Ketidaknyamanan okular lan iritasi konjungtiva sing ana gandhengane karo instilasi topikal ing mripat bisa dikurangi kanthi ngoper menyang konsentrasi sing luwih murah.
Pasien Pediatrik
Nasal Congestion Intranasal LokalBocah ≥6 taun: Kanggo ngasilake nasal decongestion, aplikasi solusi 0,1% (1:1000) topikal minangka tetes utawa semprotan menyang mukosa minangka dibutuhake. Konsentrasi solusi 1:10.000 nganti 1:2000 uga wis digunakake.
Dewasa
Open-Angle Glaukoma Ophthalmic TopikalDosis biasa yaiku 1 utawa 2 tetes saka 1 utawa 2% ophthalmic. solusi sapisan utawa kaping pindho saben dina diselehake ing mripat sing kena pengaruh; Nanging, frekuensi dosis bisa beda-beda saka sapisan saben 2-4 dina nganti kaping 4 saben dina.
Setel konsentrasi lan dosis kanggo kabutuhan individu lan respon sing ditemtokake dening maca tonometric sadurunge lan sak therapy.
Mydriasis for Surgery Ophthalmic TopikalAplikasi 1 tetes utawa luwih saka solusi 0,1% (1:1000) topikal menyang conjunctiva 1-3 kaping utawa yen perlu kanggo ngontrol getihen utawa kanggo menehi efek midriatic sajrone operasi† .
Injeksi Lokal OftalmikInjeksi intraokular kanthi konsentrasi 1:10.000 (0.01%) nganti 1:1000 (0.1%) bisa digunakake kanggo nyedhiyakake midriasis sajrone operasi; iki uga bisa ngontrol getihen.
Ing ekstraksi katarak pupil bunder, 0,2 mL (0,2 mg) saka injeksi 1:1000 bisa disuntikake intracameral; ing kasus ekstraksi katarak liyane, 0,1 mL (0,1 mg) saka injeksi 1:1000 bisa disuntikake subconjunctivally. ing cul-de-sac konjungtiva ngisor.
Injeksi Lokal OphthalmicKanggo ngilangi synechiae posterior† ora responsif marang terapi topikal, 0,1 ml larutan sing ngemot bagean sing padha karo 0,1% (1:1000) epinefrin, 4% kokain, lan 1% atropin bisa disuntikake ing limbus.
Midriasis kanggo Ophthalmoscopy Ophthalmic TopikalKanggo nyedhiyakake midriasis kanggo oftalmoskopi† ing pasien sing duwe predisposisi penutupan sudut, inhibitor karbonik anhidrase (contone, 250 mg acetazolamide) lan gliserin 1-1,5 g / kg diwenehake. oral 2 jam lan 1 jam, masing-masing, sadurunge epinefrin. Sawise mripat dibius kanthi topikal karo obat liyane saka kokain, ujung kertas saring 1 × 5 mm sing dibasahi nganggo larutan ophthalmic epinefrin 1 utawa 2% dilebokake ing cul-de-sac inferior kanggo 1-3 menit.
Perdarahan Superficial EENT TopikalMinangka agen hemostatik topikal, konsentrasi larutan 1:50.000 (0.002%) nganti 1:1000 (0.1%) bisa disemprotake utawa ditrapake nganggo katun utawa kasa ing kulit utawa membran mukus. saka mripat, irung, tutuk, tenggorokan, utawa laring.
Kanggo ngontrol pendarahan mukosa, solusi 0,1% (1:1000) bisa ditrapake kanthi topikal minangka tetes utawa semprotan menyang mukosa sing dibutuhake.
Kanggo ngontrol getihen sajrone operasi okular, aplikasi 1 utawa luwih tetes solusi 0,1% (1:1000) topikal menyang konjungtiva kaping 1-3 utawa yen perlu.
Injeksi Lokal EENTInjeksi 1:10,000 (0,01%) nganti 1:1000 (0,1 %) konsentrasi bisa digunakake kanggo ngontrol getihen (contone, nalika operasi). Kanggo ngontrol pendarahan okular, nyuntikake konsentrasi kasebut menyang kamar anterior mripat utawa subconjunctivaly.
Kanggo digunakake minangka agen hemostatik lokal sing digabungake karo anestesi lokal (contone, nalika operasi okular), epinefrin bisa digunakake ing konsentrasi saka 1: 200.000 kanggo 1: 50.000; 1: 200.000 digunakake paling umum.
Kanggo ngontrol pendarahan nalika operasi oral†, infiltrasi vestibul bukal lan labial saka maksila lan mandibula ing saben kuadran kanthi 4 ml larutan 0,0005% (1:200,000).
Tambahan kanggo Anestesi Lokal EENT Injeksi LokalKanggo lokalisasi lan ndawakake durasi anestesi lokal, epinefrin bisa digunakake ing konsentrasi 1:500.000 nganti 1:50.000; 1: 200.000 digunakake paling umum.
Tambahan kanggo Obat Lokal Liyane Injeksi Lokal OphthalmicKanggo ningkatake penetrasi intraokular lan ndawakake durasi obat sing disuntikake subconjuntivaly†, epinefrin bisa digunakake ing konsentrasi 1:200.000 nganti 1:50.000; 1: 200.000 digunakake paling umum.
Topikal OphthalmicKanggo mbantu terapi toksin botulinum kanggo strabismus†, pasang 1 tetes larutan ophthalmic epinefrin ing mripat sing kena pengaruh minangka vasokonstriktor lokal.
Konjungtivitis Ophthalmic LokalKanggo decongestion conjunctrival, aplikasi 1 utawa luwih tetes solusi 0,1% (1:1000) topikal menyang conjunctiva kaping 1-3 utawa yen perlu.
Nasal Congestion Intranasal LocalKanggo ngasilake nasal decongestion, aplikasiake solusi 0,1% (1:1000) kanthi topikal minangka tetes utawa semprotan menyang mukosa sing dibutuhake. Konsentrasi larutan 1:10.000 nganti 1:2000 uga wis digunakake.
Populasi Khusus
Pasien Geriatri
Ora ana rekomendasi dosis khusus, nanging maca tonometrik bola-bali sajrone terapi glaukoma utamane disaranake ing klompok umur iki.
Pènget
Kontraindikasi
Pènget/PanandhapPènget
Sudut Sempit
Ati-ati ing pasien kanthi sudut sing sempit amarga dilatasi pupil bisa nyebabake serangan akut glaukoma sudut tertutup.
AphakiaTerapi kronis bisa nyebabake edema makula sing bisa dibalik. pasien aphakic; ati-ati disaranake.
Owah-owahan ing sesanti tengah ing pasien aphakic kudu evaluasi maculopathy; Penghentian epinefrin biasane diterusake kanthi nambah ketajaman visual lan temuan ophthalmoscopic sajrone 1 wulan nanging bisa uga ora maksimal sajrone 6 wulan utawa luwih suwe.
Efek KardiovaskularPertimbangake status kardiovaskular sadurunge miwiti terapi.
Gunakake kanthi ati-ati ing pasien hipertensi vaskular utawa kelainan jantung, kalebu aritmia lan penyakit kardiovaskular (contone, penyakit arteri koroner).
Gunakake kanthi ati-ati banget ing pasien kanthi penyakit jantung degeneratif. (Deleng Asma lan Emfisema ing Cautions.)
Gunakake kanthi ati-ati, yen kabeh, sadurunge utawa sajrone operasi nganggo cyclopropane utawa anestesi hidrokarbon halogen kayata halotan. Bebaya aritmia ventrikel kayata VPC, tachycardia, utawa fibrilasi bisa saya tambah.
Yen epinefrin digunakake sadurunge operasi okular, utamane kanggo injeksi kanthi anestesi lokal, efek simpatomimetik sistemik bisa kedadeyan; operasi ora kudu diwiwiti nganti rasa gelisah wis suda.
Overdosis utawa administrasi IV sing ora disengaja bisa nyebabake pendarahan serebrovaskular sekunder kanggo paningkatan tekanan getih sing nyata.
Asma lan EmfisemaGunakake kanthi ati-ati banget ing pasien sing nandhang asma bronkial utawa emfisema sing wis suwe sing ngalami penyakit jantung degeneratif.
Diabetes, Hipertiridisme, lan Arteriosklerosis SerebralGunakake kanthi ati-ati ing pasien diabetes lan hipertiroid lan sing duwe arteriosklerosis serebral.
Reaksi Sensitivitas
Reaksi AlergiPanganggone ophthalmic bisa nyebabake reaksi alergi (reaksi sensitisasi kanggo terapi kronis) sing ditondoi dening pembengkakan pembuluh darah sing nyebar, hipertrofi folikel, kemosis, konjungtivitis, lan/utawa iritis. Dermatitis kontak alergi ing kelopak mata, sing nyebabake gejala kayata edema ing kelopak mata ngisor, metune kuning sing kandel, lan crusting lan fissuring ing kulit kelopak mata, uga bisa kedadeyan.
Reaksi alergi kadhangkala bisa disebabake dening pengawet ing preparat.
Sawetara formulasi ophthalmic ngemot sulfit, sing bisa nyebabake reaksi alergi (kalebu anafilaksis lan episode asma sing ngancam nyawa utawa kurang abot) ing individu tartamtu sing rentan.
Panjaga-jaga Umum
Iritasi OkularReaksi lokal sing ora becik kerep kedadeyan sajrone terapi okular topikal lan panggunaan sing suwe ora bisa ditoleransi.
Aplikasi topikal ing konjungtiva asring nyebabake rasa ora nyaman ing mripat lan iritasi konjungtiva. kalebu kobong utawa stinging transien, lacrimation, nyeri utawa nyeri ing sakubenge utawa ing mripat, lan hiperemia konjungtiva rebound.
Sawetara efek okular lokal iki bisa dikurangi yen konsentrasi epinefrin sing luwih murah digunakake.
Owah-owahan Pigmentary OkularPanganggone sing suwe bisa nyebabake endapan pigmen kaya melanin lokal (contone, adrenochrome) ing konjungtiva, kelopak mata, lan/utawa area kornea sing kasar utawa edematous. Pigmenasi kasebut bisa uga tambah kanthi nggunakake solusi lawas utawa dicethakaké sing ngemot epinefrin teroksidasi.
Cairan ireng coklat-coklat sing gedhe kadhangkala bisa dibentuk ing kantung lakrimal lan duktus nasolakrimalis, sing nyebabake obstruksi lan epifora. Gips kasebut bisa diilangi kanthi irigasi.
Peningkatan TIOArang banget, kenaikan IOP sementara nanging penting sacara klinis lan gangguan fasilitas outflow (sanajan sudut mripat tetep mbukak) wis kedadeyan ing pasien glaukoma nalika epinefrin. wiwitane digunakake tanpa miotik.
Penutupan Sudut AkutIng pasien glaukoma sudut tertutup, dilatasi pupil bisa nyebabake serangan akut.
Midriasis, Pandangan Kabur, lan Sensitivitas CahyaMydriasis, sesanti burem, lan sensitivitas kanggo cahya bisa kedadeyan ing pasien glaukoma; ora nyaman bisa diminimalisir yen epinefrin diwenehake nalika turu utawa sawise miotik.
Efek KorneaPanganggone ophthalmic sing suwe bisa nyebabake edema kornea; sawise nggunakake banget suwe, pembuluh getih sing dangkal ing mripat bisa ilang kemampuan kanggo constrict.
Injeksi intracameral epinefrin 1:1000 wis digandhengake karo karusakan endothelial, edema sing ora bisa dibalèkaké, lan opacification saka kornea.
p> Efek Lokal LiyaneSakit sirah utawa browache kerep kedadeyan ing wiwitan terapi okular lan bisa suda kanthi perawatan terus.
Efek SistemikPanggunaan oftalmik sok-sok nyebabake efek simpatomimetik sistemik kayata palpitasi, takikardia, ekstrasistol, Kompleks prematur ventrikel, hipertensi, sirah occipital, pucat, tremor, semaput, lan tambah kringet. Efek kasebut umume karo injeksi ophthalmic lokal.
Dosis lokal sing gedhe banget bisa nyebabake pendarahan serebral lan fibrilasi ventrikel. Pasien karo hipertensi sing wis ana sadurunge, hipertiroidisme, penyakit arteri koroner, utawa arteriosklerosis serebral sing luwih maju, rentan banget.
Efek simpatomimetik sistemik arang banget kedadeyan sawise aplikasi ing konjungtiva nanging luwih kerep kedadeyan yen obat kasebut diselehake sawise kornea. epitelium wis rusak utawa permeabilitas tambah amarga tonometri, operasi, inflamasi, utawa aplikasi topikal saka anestesi lokal.
Efek simpatomimetik sistemik uga bisa kedadeyan nalika nggunakake mukosa liyane (contone, intranasal).
Panganggone Kombinasi TetepYen digunakake ing kombinasi tetep karo agen liyane, nimbang ati-ati, pancegahan, lan kontraindikasi sing digandhengake karo agen bebarengan.
Populasi Tertentu
KandhutanKategori C.
LaktasiRisiko ora dingerteni.
Panggunaan PediatrikKeamanan lan khasiat solusi ophthalmic durung ditetepake.
Solusi irung kudu digunakake ing bocah-bocah <6 taun mung miturut saran saka dokter.
Geriatric GunakakeGunakake kanthi ati-ati. Endapan pigmen kaya melanin bisa kedadeyan ing kista konjungtiva tembus.
Efek Umum sing Sabar
Panganggone okular: iritasi lan rasa ora nyaman, nyeri utawa nyeri okular, browache, sirah, hiperemia konjungtiva, reaksi tutup alergi.
Panganggone intranasal: gejala CNS (contone, nervousness, restlessness) rebound irung rame. Nyenyet rada sawise aplikasi intranasal (amarga ana sodium bisulfit).
Apa obatan liyane bakal mengaruhi EPINEPHrine (EENT)
Obat Spesifik
Obat
Interaksi
Komentar
Anestetik, umum (contone, hidrokarbon halogenasi [contone, halotan], siklopropana)
Tambah cardiosensitivity kanggo epinefrin
Gunakake kanthi ati-ati, yen kabeh; tambah risiko aritmia ventrikel kayata kompleks prematur ventrikel, tachycardia, utawa fibrilasi; kontraindikasi karo kloroform, trichloroethylene, utawa cyclopropane
Mungkin ora bisa diserap kanthi cepet kanthi nggunakake hemostatik topikal kanggo menehi masalah ing prosedur sing cendhak
Lidocaine propylactic utawa procainamide bisa menehi perlindungan sawetara
IV propranolol bisa mbalikke aritmia
Antidepresan, trisiklik
Potensiasi efek epinefrin (utamane ing detak jantung lan irama)
Antihistamin, generasi pisanan (utamane diphenhydramine, Chlorpheniramine" href="/drugs/dexchlorpheniramine-4069/jv/">Dexchlorpheniramine, tripelennamine)
Potensiasi efek epinefrin (utamane ing denyut jantung lan irama)
Agen pamblokiran β-adrenergik
Kurang saka aditif pengurangan IOP
Bermanfaat secara terapeutik
Inhibitor anhidrase karbonik
Pengurangan TIO aditif
Bermanfaat secara terapeutik
Digoxin
Peningkatan kardiosensitivitas kanggo epinefrin
Aja epinefrin kanthi dosis digoxin sing dhuwur
Miotik (topikal)
Pengurangan IOP aditif; eipnephrine nyuda miosis lan spasme ciliary; miotik nyuda midriasis lan penglihatan kabur
Terapi sing migunani
Agen osmotik (topikal)
Pengurangan IOP aditif
Migunani kanggo terapi
Agen tiroid
Potensiasi efek epinefrin (utamane ing detak jantung lan irama)
Disclaimer
Kabeh upaya wis ditindakake kanggo mesthekake yen informasi sing diwenehake dening Drugslib.com akurat, nganti -tanggal, lan lengkap, nanging ora njamin kanggo efek sing. Informasi obat sing ana ing kene bisa uga sensitif wektu. Informasi Drugslib.com wis diklumpukake kanggo digunakake dening praktisi kesehatan lan konsumen ing Amerika Serikat lan mulane Drugslib.com ora njamin sing nggunakake njaba Amerika Serikat cocok, kajaba khusus dituduhake digunakake. Informasi obat Drugslib.com ora nyetujoni obat, diagnosa pasien utawa menehi rekomendasi terapi. Informasi obat Drugslib.com minangka sumber informasi sing dirancang kanggo mbantu praktisi kesehatan sing dilisensi kanggo ngrawat pasien lan / utawa nglayani konsumen sing ndeleng layanan iki minangka tambahan, lan dudu pengganti, keahlian, katrampilan, kawruh lan pertimbangan babagan perawatan kesehatan. praktisi.
Ora ana bebaya kanggo kombinasi obat utawa obat sing diwenehake kanthi cara apa wae kudu ditafsirake kanggo nuduhake yen obat utawa kombinasi obat kasebut aman, efektif utawa cocok kanggo pasien tartamtu. Drugslib.com ora nanggung tanggung jawab kanggo aspek kesehatan apa wae sing ditindakake kanthi bantuan informasi sing diwenehake Drugslib.com. Informasi sing ana ing kene ora dimaksudake kanggo nyakup kabeh panggunaan, pituduh, pancegahan, bebaya, interaksi obat, reaksi alergi, utawa efek samping. Yen sampeyan duwe pitakon babagan obat sing sampeyan gunakake, takon dhokter, perawat utawa apoteker.
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