Hyperosmotic Laxatives
Kelas obat: Agen Antineoplastik
Panganggone Hyperosmotic Laxatives
Sembelit
Gliserin (rektal), sorbitol (rektal), lan polietilen glikol (PEG) 3350 (MiraLAX; lisan) bisa digunakake kanggo ngilangake konstipasi. Nanging, suppositories rektum utawa enemas ora bisa digunakake nalika laxatives lisan efektif.
Gliserin lan sorbitol bisa digunakake kanggo nambani constipation sing dumadi nalika meteng utawa puerperium; Nanging, laxatives utawa pelunak feces biasane luwih disenengi.
Bisa ngindhari utawa ngilangi konstipasi kanthi diet sing bener (kandungan serat sing dhuwur [contone, bran]), asupan cairan sing cukup, respon cepet kanggo refleks defekasi, lan olah raga.
Aja nggunakake laxatives ing bayi lan bocah-bocah; ngobati konstipasi bocah-bocah kanthi menehi saran marang wong tuwa babagan variasi sing bisa ditampa ing frekuensi ngobati.
Reresik Usus
Solusi elektrolit PEG 3350 digunakake kanggo ngosongake usus sadurunge kolonoskopi lan pemeriksaan radiologis enema barium. Gliserin lan sorbitol uga wis digunakake sadurunge prosedur kasebut, nanging julap iki ora mesthi ngosongake usus gedhe.
The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS), American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) , lan Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) nyaranake nggunakake solusi elektrolit PEG 3350 ing pasien kanthi ketidakseimbangan elektrolit utawa cairan (contone, sing duwe insufficiency ginjel utawa ati, CHF, gagal ati, penyakit ati sing luwih maju karo asites). Para ahli kasebut uga nyaranake nggunakake solusi elektrolit PEG 3350 kanggo ngresiki kolon ing bayi lan bocah-bocah.
Sorbitol minangka tambahan kanggo Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate
Sorbitol digunakake sacara lisan utawa rektal kanggo nggampangake passing sodium polystyrene sulfonate (resin) liwat saluran usus, nyegah constipation disebabake resin, bantuan ing mbusak kalium, lan nambah palatability saka resin.
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Carane nggunakake Hyperosmotic Laxatives
Umum
Administrasi
Administrasi sorbitol kanthi rektal; bisa diwenehake kanthi lisan nalika digunakake minangka tambahan kanggo sodium polystyrene sulfonate.
Administrasi larutan gliserin lan supositoria kanthi rektal.
Administrasi larutan elektrolit PEG 3350 kanthi lisan utawa liwat tabung nasogastrik.
Oral utawa Nasogastric Administration (PEG 3350, PEG 3350 karo Elektrolit)
ReconstitutionYen digunakake kanggo constipation, reconstitute bubuk PEG 3350 kanggo solusi lisan (MiraLAX) karo 120-240 mL banyu. (kadhemen, suhu kamar, utawa panas).
Yen digunakake kanggo ngresiki usus, reconstitute bubuk PEG 3350 (karo elektrolit) kanggo solusi lisan utawa nasogastric kanthi jumlah banyu suam sing cocog kaya sing diarahake dening pabrikan.
Kocok larutan kanthi kuat nganti bahan-bahan larut; bahan tambahan (perasa liyane saka sing diwenehake dening manufaktur) ora dianjurake.
Dinginake solusi sing dikonstitusi. Palatability saka solusi lisan bisa tambah yen solusi reconstituted wis chilled sadurunge administrasi; Nanging, solusi elektrolit PEG 3350 sing adhem ora dianjurake kanggo bayi.
Administrasi Solusi Elektrolit PEG 3350 kanggo Reresik UsusCepet kira-kira 3 utawa 4 jam sadurunge administrasi larutan elektrolit PEG 3350. Aja mangan panganan sing padhet paling ora 2 jam sadurunge administrasi.
Administrasi solusi elektrolit PEG 3350 kanthi lisan, nanging bisa diwenehake liwat tabung nasogastrik yen pasien ora gelem utawa ora bisa ngombe solusi kasebut.
Ngombe kanthi cepet saben bagean larutan elektrolit PEG 3350 luwih disenengi tinimbang ngombe jumlah cilik terus-terusan.
Solusi elektrolit PEG 3350 bisa diwenehake kanthi regimen dosis siji (biasane ing wayah sore sadurunge kolonoskopi [contone, jam 6 sore] utawa yen prosedur dijadwalake ing wayah esuk utawa mengko ngidini pasien ngombe 3 jam lan 1 jam kanggo evakuasi usus lengkap) utawa kanthi regimen dosis dibagi (biasane ngonsumsi bagean ing wayah sore sadurunge kolonoskopi lan solusi sing isih ana ing esuk kolonoskopi).
Panaliten klinis nuduhake yen regimen larutan elektrolit PEG 3350 dosis dibagi (contone, 2-3 L sore sadurunge lan 1 L esuk prosedur) luwih unggul tinimbang regimen dosis tunggal standar (contone. , 4 L diterbitake ing wayah sore sadurunge prosedur).
Ing sawijining panaliten, konsumsi larutan elektrolit PEG 3350 <5 jam sadurunge kolonoskopi luwih unggul tinimbang regimen sing diwenehake ≥19 jam sadurunge prosedur. Yen pasien duwe kolonoskopi sore, gunakake bagean saka solusi PEG 3350 ing wayah esuk kolonoskopi kanggo nambah asil ngresiki usus.
Pancegahan Administrasi (Solusi Elektrolit PEG 3350)Gunakake solusi elektrolit PEG 3350 kanthi ati-ati ing pasien sing duwe gangguan refleks muntah, pasien sing ora sadar utawa setengah sadar, lan sing rawan regurgitasi utawa aspirasi; mirsani pasien kasebut sajrone administrasi, utamane yen solusi diwenehake liwat tabung nasogastrik.
Yen rasa ora nyaman utawa distensi abot nalika ngonsumsi larutan elektrolit PEG 3350, alon-alon utawa mandhegake administrasi nganti gejala ilang.
Administrasi Rectal (Gliserin)
Basahkan supositoria gliserin biasa nganggo banyu suam-suam kuku sadurunge dilebokake. Kanthi tekanan sing stabil, lebokake tip supositoria sing dhuwur ing dubur. Anjurake pasien kanggo nahan supositoria sajrone 15 menit; ora dibutuhake kanggo nyawiji kanggo ngasilake aksi laxative. Mungkasi panggunaan yen ana resistensi.
Sadurunge menehi enema laksatif gliserin, pasien kudu turu ing sisih kiwa kanthi dhengkul tengen ditekuk lan lengen bisa ngaso kanthi nyaman utawa dhengkul ing amben kanthi sirah lan dhadha mudhun lan maju nganti sisih kiwa pasuryan wis ngaso ing lumahing amben. Kanthi tekanan sing tetep, lebokake muncung enema menyang rektum kanthi gerakan sisih-kanggo-sisih kanthi tip ngarah menyang pusar nganti kabeh dosis dibuwang. Nalika squeezing wadhah, copot tip saka rectum lan discard unit. Mungkasi panggunaan yen ana resistensi. Cairan enema, yen diwenehake kanthi bener, biasane nyedhiyakake evakuasi sing nyukupi yen ditahan nganti kram weteng ngisor dirasakake.
Dosis
Administrasi laxatives ing interval sing jarang ing dosis siji ing tingkat dosis efektif paling murah. , lan biasane kanggo periode ora ngluwihi 1 minggu; digunakake kanggo wektu sing luwih suwe mung ing manajemen dokter lan minangka bagean saka regimen terapeutik sing wis direncanakake kanthi teliti.
Mung dosis sorbitol oral sing dhuwur banget (25 g saben dina) utawa gliserin sing duwe efek laxative.
Pasien Anak
Konstipasi Gliserin RektalBocah 2 nganti <6 taun: 1–1,2 g minangka supositoria utawa 2,3 g (2,3 mL) minangka enema.
Bocah ≥6 taun: 2–2,1 g minangka a supositoria utawa 5,6 g (5,5 mL) minangka enema.
Yen mual ora kedadeyan sawise nggunakake supositoria gliserin utawa enema, mandhegake obat kasebut.
Sorbitol RectalBocah umur 2–11 taun: 30–60 ml larutan sorbitol 25–30% minangka enema.
Bocah ≥12 taun: 120 mL sorbitol 25–30% solusi minangka enema.
Pembersihan Usus PEG 3350 (karo Elektrolit) NasogastrikBocah ≥6 sasi: 25 mL/kg (2,6 g/kg) saben jam (NuLYTELYor Trilyte) nganti feces bening utawa 4 L dikonsumsi.
OralBocah ≥6 sasi: 25 mL/kg (2,6 g/kg) saben jam (NuLYTELYor Trilyte) nganti feces banyu bening utawa 4 L dikonsumsi.
Wong diwasa
Sembelit Gliserin Rektal2–2.1 g minangka supositoria utawa 5.6 g (5.5. mL) minangka enema.
Yen gerakan usus ora ana. kedadeyan sawise nggunakake supositoria gliserin, mandhegake obat kasebut.
Sorbitol Oral15 ml larutan sorbitol 70% nganti diare, minangka tambahan kanggo sodium polystyrene sulfonate; Utawa, 20-100 ml minangka kendaraan lisan kanggo resin.
Rektal120 mL larutan sorbitol 25–30% minangka enema.
120 ml larutan sorbitol 25–30% minangka enema, digunakake minangka tambahan natrium polistirena sulfonat.
PEG 3350 Oral17 g (MiraLAX) saben dina sing dibutuhake nganti 7 dina.
Pembersihan Usus PEG 3350 (karo Elektrolit) Nasogastric4 L kanthi tingkat 20–30 mL (1.18–1.77 g [Golytely]; 2.1–3.15 g [Nulytely]; 1.2–1.8 g [Colyte]) saben menit (1.2–1.8 L/jam).
OralRejimen dosis tunggal: 240 mL (kira-kira 14 g [GoLYTELY], 25 g [NuLYTELY], kira-kira 14 g [Colyte], 25 g [Trilyte]) saben 10 menit nganti output dubur cetha. utawa 4 L dikonsumsi.
Rejimen dosis tunggal: 240 mL (24 g [MoviPrep]) saben 15 menit nganti 1 L dikonsumsi; baleni 1,5 jam mengko lan ngombe tambahan 1 L cairan bening.
Rejimen dosis dibagi: Sore sadurunge prosedur, 240 ml (24 g [MoviPrep]) saben 15 menit nganti 1 L dikonsumsi; ngombe tambahan 0,5 L cairan bening. Ing wayah esuk prosedur, 240 ml (24 g [MoviPrep]) saben 15 menit nganti 1 L dikonsumsi; ngombe tambahan 0,5 L cairan bening paling sethithik 1 jam sadurunge prosedur.
Kombinasi larutan elektrolit PEG 3350 lan bisacodyl (Setengah Liter): Kaping pisanan, 20 mg (papat tablet 5 mg bisacodyl delayed-release) ; ngenteni gerakan usus (utawa maksimal 6 jam). Tindakake 240 mL larutan elektrolit PEG 3350 saben 10 menit nganti 2 L wis dikonsumsi.
Batesan Resep
Pasien Anak
Konstipasi Gliserin RektalBocah 2 nganti Umur <6 taun: Maksimal 1,2 g (minangka supositoria) saben dina utawa 2,3 g (2,3 mL) (minangka enema) saben dina.
Bocah ≥6 taun: Maksimum 2,1 g (minangka supositoria) saben dina. utawa 5,6 g (5,5 mL) (minangka enema) saben dina.
Dewasa
Konstipasi Gliserin RectalMaksimum 2,1 g (minangka supositoria) saben dina utawa 5,6 g (5,5 mL) (minangka enema) saben dina.
PEG 3350 Oral17 g (MiraLAX) saben dina nganti 7 dina.
Populasi Khusus
Ora ana rekomendasi dosis populasi khusus ing wektu iki.
Pènget
Kontraindikasi
Pènget/PanandhapPènget
Panggunaan Jangka Panjang utawa Kronis
Panganggone laxative jangka panjang wis digandhengake karo katergantungan laxative, konstipasi kronis, lan ilang fungsi usus normal.
Panganggone kronis utawa overdosis laxatives bisa nyebabake diare sing terus-terusan, hipokalemia, ilang faktor nutrisi sing penting, lan dehidrasi.
Kejang sing Gegandhengan karo Kelainan ElektrolitKejang tonik-klonik umum sing digandhengake karo kelainan elektrolit (contone, hyponatremia, hypokalemia) wis dilaporake. sawise nggunakake solusi elektrolit PEG 3350 kanggo ngresiki usus ing pasien tanpa riwayat kejang. Efek neurologis kasebut ditanggulangi kanthi koreksi kelainan cairan lan elektrolit.
Gunakake solusi elektrolit PEG 3350 kanthi ati-ati ing pasien sing nampa obat sing nambah risiko kelainan elektrolit (contone, diuretik, inhibitor ACE). Coba nindakake tes elektrolit baseline lan postcolonoscopy ing pasien kasebut.
Ulcerative ColitisGunakake solusi elektrolit PEG 3350 (Golytely, Colyte, MoviPrep) kanthi ati-ati ing pasien kanthi kolitis ulcerative parah.
Preparasi GabunganYen digunakake ing kombinasi karo bisacodyl, nimbang pancegahan, ati-ati, lan kontraindikasi sing gegandhengan karo bisacodyl.
Yen volume gedhe saka cairan sing ngemot gula (contone, Gatorade) ditambahake menyang PEG 3350 (karo elektrolit) bubuk kanggo solusi, gula bisa tekan usus besar lan diowahi dadi metana utawa gas sing gampang kobong liyane. Yen electrocautery digunakake kanggo mbusak polip, kemungkinan gas kasebut bisa murub lan njeblug.
Reaksi Sensitivitas
Sawise administrasi larutan elektrolit PEG 3350, kasus urtikaria, rhinorrhea, dermatitis, lan, arang banget, reaksi anafilaksis wis dilaporake.
Pancegahan Umum
PhenylketonuriaIndividu sing duwe fenilketonuria lan wong liya sing kudu mbatesi asupan phenylalanine kudu dielingake yen MoviPrep (larutan elektrolit PEG 3350) ngemot aspartam (NutraSweet), sing dimetabolisme ing saluran GI. kanggo nyedhiyakake maksimal 2,33 mg fenilalanin saben perawatan (2 L larutan).
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G-6-PD)MoviPrep (larutan elektrolit PEG 3350) ngandhut 5,9 g natrium askorbat lan 4,7 g asam askorbat. Gunakake kanthi ati-ati ing pasien sing kekurangan G-6-PD (utamane sing duwe infeksi aktif, riwayat hemolisis, utawa njupuk obat-obatan bebarengan sing dikenal nyebabake reaksi hemolitik), amarga pasien sing kekurangan G-6-PD wis ngalami hemolisis sawise IV gedhe utawa dosis oral asam askorbat.
Efek GIGliserin: Yen ana pendarahan rektum, mandhegake obat kasebut lan takon karo dokter.
Solusi PEG 3350 (MiraLAX): Yen getihen dubur, mual, kembung, kram, utawa nyeri weteng saya tambah parah, utawa pasien mbutuhake >7 dina nggunakake utawa ngalami diare, mandhegake obat kasebut lan hubungi dokter.
Solusi elektrolit PEG 3350: Yen kembung abot, distensi, utawa nyeri weteng, alon-alon utawa mandhegake administrasi nganti gejala suda. Yen alangan utawa perforasi GI dicurigai, tindakake tes sing cocog kanggo ngilangi kahanan kasebut sadurunge administrasi larutan elektrolit PEG 3350.
Populasi Tertentu
KandhutanKategori C (larutan elektrolit PEG 3350).
LaktasiOra dingerteni manawa larutan elektrolit PEG 3350 disebar menyang susu. Gunakake kanthi ati-ati ing wanita sing nyusoni.
Panggunaan PediatrikAja nggunakake julap ing bayi lan bocah-bocah; konstipasi kanak-kanak paling apik diobati kanthi menehi saran marang wong tuwa babagan variasi sing bisa ditampa ing frekuensi gerakan usus.
Keamanan lan khasiat preparat gliserin sing ora ditetepake ing pasien pediatrik <2 taun.
PEG 3350 (MiraLAX): Keamanan lan khasiat ora ditetepake ing pasien pediatrik <17 taun.
Solusi elektrolit PEG 3350 (NuLYTELY, Trilyte): Keamanan lan khasiat ora ditetepake ing pasien anak <6 sasi. Ngawasi kanthi rapet bocah-bocah <2 taun sing nampa NuLYTELY kanggo tandha-tandha hipoglikemia.
Solusi elektrolit PEG 3350 (GoLYTELY, Colyte, MoviPrep): Keamanan lan khasiat ora ditetepake ing pasien pediatrik.
Geriatric UsePEG 3350 solusi elektrolit (MoviPrep, HalfLytely): Ora ana beda substansial ing safety lan khasiat relatif kanggo wong diwasa enom.
Solusi elektrolit PEG 3350 (MoviPrep): Kemungkinan ana sensitivitas sing luwih gedhe kanggo obat ing sawetara wong geriatrik.
Reaksi saleh sing serius (contone, sindrom Mallory-Weiss, asystole, dyspnea dadakan kanthi edema paru, infiltrasi ing radiografi dada sawise muntah lan aspirating PEG 3350) sing dilapurake ing pasien> 60 taun sing nampa solusi elektrolit PEG 3350.
Gagal ginjelGunakake produk laxative sing ngemot >50 mEq magnesium, > 25 mEq kalium, utawa ≥1 mEq sodium saben dosis kanthi ati-ati ing pasien sing nandhang penyakit ginjel lan mung ing pengawasan dokter. Monitor elektrolit.
Efek Umum sing Sabar
Gliserin (rektal): Nyeri rektum, kobong, utawa iritasi; hiperemia mukosa rektum (kanthi pendarahan minimal lan mucus discharge); griping; nyeri kram; tenesmus.
Sorbitol (rektal) digunakake minangka tambahan natrium polistirena sulfonat: Diare.
Larutan elektrolit PEG 3350 (oral utawa nasogastric): Malaise, mual, distensi abdomen, weteng kebak lan /utawa kembung, kram weteng, muntah, iritasi dubur, ngelak.
Apa obatan liyane bakal mengaruhi Hyperosmotic Laxatives
Kanthi nambah motilitas usus, laxatives bisa nyuda wektu transit obat oral bebarengan lan nyuda penyerapan; ngatur obat oral liyane paling sethithik 1 jam sadurunge larutan elektrolit PEG 3350.
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