Insulin Human
Kelas obat: Agen Antineoplastik
Panganggone Insulin Human
Diabetes Mellitus
Terapi panggantos kanggo manajemen diabetes mellitus. Insulin manungsa sing diprodhuksi nggunakake teknologi DNA rekombinan wis ngganti insulin sing asale saka kewan (ora kasedhiya kanggo komersial maneh ing AS).
Insulin dibutuhake ing kabeh pasien diabetes mellitus jinis 1, lan wajib kanggo perawatan ketoacidosis diabetes. lan kahanan hiperglikemik hiperosmolar.
Uga digunakake ing pasien diabetes mellitus jinis 2 nalika nyuda bobot, regulasi diet sing tepat, lan/utawa agen antidiabetik oral gagal njaga kontrol glikemik sing cukup ing kahanan pasa lan postprandial.
Diet kudu ditekanake minangka wangun utama perawatan nalika miwiti terapi kanggo pasien diabetes mellitus jinis 2 sing ora duwe gejala sing abot; Watesan kalori lan nyuda bobot penting ing pasien obesitas.
Asosiasi Diabetes Amerika (ADA) lan akeh dokter nyaranake nggunakake regimen insulin intensif adhedhasar fisiologis (yaiku, 3 utawa luwih injeksi insulin saben dina kanthi dosis disesuaikan. miturut asil tekad glukosa getih kaping pirang-pirang dina [umpamane, paling ora kaping 4 saben dina], asupan diet, lan olahraga sing diantisipasi) ing umume pasien diabetes jinis 1 lan jinis 2 sing bisa ngerti lan nindakake regimen perawatan, ora kanthi risiko tambah episode hipoglikemik, lan ora duwe ciri liyane sing nambah risiko utawa nyuda keuntungan (contone, umur tuwa, gagal ginjel tahap pungkasan, penyakit kardiovaskular utawa serebrovaskular lanjut, penyakit liyane sing ana bebarengan sing nyepetake umur).
Tujuan terapi insulin ing kabeh pasien umume kudu kalebu pangopènan glukosa getih sing paling cedhak karo euglycemia tanpa risiko hipoglikemia sing berlebihan; ngindhari gejala sing disebabake hiperglikemia, glycosuria, utawa ketonuria; lan njaga bobot awak sing becik lan pertumbuhan lan perkembangan normal ing bocah-bocah.
Ketoacidosis Diabetik utawa Negara Hiperglikemik Hiperosmolar
Digunakake ing perawatan darurat ketoacidosis diabetes utawa kahanan hiperglikemik hiperosmolar nalika kontrol hiperglikemia kanthi cepet dibutuhake. Insulin reguler (umpamane, insulin manungsa [reguler], insulin [reguler]) minangka insulin sing dipilih kanggo perawatan kahanan darurat kasebut amarga tumindake sing relatif cepet lan amarga bisa diwenehake IV.
Stroke Akut
Injeksi insulin (umpamane, insulin manungsa) uga wis digunakake IV kanthi kombinasi karo kalium klorida IV lan dekstrosa (yaiku, terapi GIK) ing sawetara pasien stroke akut† [ off-label] lan hiperglikemia entheng nganti sedheng.
Penyakit Kritis
Wis digunakake kanggo nyuda morbiditas lan mortalitas ing pasien penyakit kritis† [off-label] sing mbutuhake perawatan intensif.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
ADA nyatakake yen insulin manungsa luwih disenengi kanggo wanita ngandhut utawa wanita sing lagi ngandhut. ADA nyaranake supaya terapi insulin (nggunakake manungsa insulin) dianggep ing pasien diabetes gestasional sing, sanajan manajemen diet, konsentrasi glukosa plasma pasa ngluwihi 105 mg / dL utawa konsentrasi glukosa plasma postprandial 2 jam ngluwihi 130 mg / dL.
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Carane nggunakake Insulin Human
Umum
Transfer saka Terapi karo Insulin Liyane
Administrasi
Insulin manungsa (biasa) lan suspensi insulin isofan biasane diwenehake sub-Q.
Bisa ngatur insulin manungsa (biasa) IM† [off-label] utawa IV kanggo perawatan ketoacidosis diabetes utawa hiperglikemia hyperosmolar. Insulin manungsa (biasa) minangka siji-sijine bentuk insulin manungsa sing bisa diwenehake IV.
Aja menehi suspensi manungsa insulin isofan IV.
Administrasi Sub-Q
Atur injeksi insulin manungsa (biasa) lan suspensi manungsa insulin isofan biasane kanthi injeksi sub-Q.
Aja ngganggu vial sing gedhe banget sadurunge njupuk insulin dosis reguler manungsa amarga bisa uga ilang potensi, clumping, frosting, utawa udan.
Amarga suspensi ngemot insulin ing endapan, alon-alon agitasi vial kanggo njamin campuran homogen kanggo pangukuran sing akurat saben dosis. Alon-alon muter lan walik utawa kanthi ati-ati goyangake vial kaping pirang-pirang sadurunge mundur saben dosis. Aja goyang kuat amarga frothing bisa ngganggu pangukuran dosis sing bener.
Atur menyang pupu, lengen ndhuwur, bokong, utawa weteng nggunakake jarum 25- nganti 28-gauge, siji-setengah nganti limang-kawolu inci dawane.
Akeh wong kudu nangkep lipatan kulit kanthi entheng kanthi driji paling sethithik 3 inci lan lebokake jarum kanthi sudut 90 °; wong sing kurus utawa bocah-bocah bisa uga kudu jiwitake kulit lan nyuntikake ing sudut 45 ° kanggo nyegah injeksi IM, utamane ing area paha.
Aspirasi rutin kanggo mriksa injeksi intravaskular sing ora sengaja umume ora perlu.
p>Injeksi sajrone 2-4 detik. Suspensi insulin sub-Q sing alon bisa nyebabake ujung jarum macet.
Pencet entheng situs injeksi kanggo sawetara detik sawise jarum ditarik; aja gosok.
Puterake situs supaya situs siji ora disuntikake luwih saka sepisan saben 1-2 minggu.
Administrasi IV
Kanggo solusi lan obat informasi kompatibilitas, deleng Kompatibilitas ing Stabilitas.
Umume, cadangan rute IV kanggo digunakake ing pasien karo ambruk sirkulasi, ketoacidosis diabetes, hiperglikemia hyperosmolar, utawa hiperkalemia. Uga wis diwenehake dening infus IV kanggo hiperglikemia sing gegandhèngan karo penyakit kritis.
PengenceranKanggo infus IV, biasane diencerake injeksi insulin manungsa (biasa) ing injeksi natrium klorida 0,9%.
Dosis
Dosis kudu individu.
Pasien sing nampa insulin kudu dipantau kanthi evaluasi laboratorium biasa, kalebu nemtokake glukosa getih lan hemoglobin glikosilasi (hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] ]) konsentrasi, kanggo nemtokake dosis insulin efektif minimal nalika digunakake dhewe, karo insulin liyane, utawa digabungake karo agen antidiabetik oral.
Pasien Anak
Diabetes Mellitus Sub-QAnak-anak sing mentas didiagnosis diabetes mellitus jinis 1 wiwitane mbutuhake total dosis insulin saben dina 0,5-1 unit / kg; Persyaratan bisa uga luwih murah sajrone periode remisi parsial. Bisa uga mbutuhake dosis saben dina sing luwih dhuwur ing resistensi insulin sing abot (umpamane, pubertas, obesitas).
Ing pasien diabetes mellitus jinis 2, total dosis saben dina kisaran saka 0.2–0.4 unit/kg.
Ketoacidosis Diabetik lan Negara Hiperglikemik Hyperosmolar IVIng bocah lan remaja <20 taun, ADA nyaranake wiwitan infus IV insulin reguler kanthi tingkat 0,1 unit / kg saben jam. Injeksi insulin reguler IV langsung ora dianjurake kanggo pasien kasebut.
IM† [off-label], banjur Sub-QYen akses IV ora kasedhiya, insulin reguler bisa diwenehi IM ing dosis awal. saka 0,1 unit / kg, banjur 0,1 unit / kg saben jam sub-Q utawa IM nganti acidosis ditanggulangi (yaiku, pH vena >7,3, konsentrasi serum bikarbonat >15 mEq/L).
Dosis Sawise Resolusi Diabetes Ketoacidosis IV, banjur Sub-QSawise resolusi ketoacidosis utawa negara hiperosmolar, tingkat infus insulin IV reguler kudu dikurangi dadi 0,05 unit / kg saben jam nganti terapi insulin pengganti sub-Q diwiwiti.
Miwiti terapi penggantian kanthi dosis insulin 0,5-1 unit / kg saben dina diwenehi sub-Q ing dosis dibagi ((2/3) saka dosis saben dina esuk [(1/3) minangka insulin short-acting, ( 2/3) minangka insulin tumindak menengah] lan (1/3) ing wayah sore [½ minangka insulin tumindak cendhak, setengah minangka insulin tumindak menengah]). Ing pasien pediatrik sing mentas didiagnosis diabetes mellitus, bisa menehi 0.1-0.25 unit / kg insulin reguler saben 6-8 jam sajrone 24 jam pisanan kanggo nemtokake kabutuhan insulin.
Dewasa
Diabetes Mellitus Sub -QTotal dosis insulin saben dina kanggo wong diwasa kanthi diabetes mellitus jinis 1 kisaran saka 0,2-1 unit / kg. Bisa uga mbutuhake dosis saben dina sing luwih dhuwur ing resistensi insulin sing abot (contone, obesitas).
Ing pasien diabetes mellitus jinis 2, total dosis awal saben dina kisaran saka 0.2–0.4 unit/kg.
Ketoacidosis Diabetik lan Negara Hiperglikemik Hiperosmolar Ketoacidosis Diabetik Ringan IV, banjur Sub-Q utawa IM† [off-label ]Kanggo perawatan ketoacidosis diabetes entheng (glukosa plasma>250 mg/dL kanthi pH arteri 7.25–7.3 lan bikarbonat serum 15–18 mEq/L), ADA nyaranake dosis loading 0.4–0.6 unit. / kg insulin reguler diwenehake ing 2 dosis, kanthi 50% diwenehake kanthi injeksi IV langsung lan 50% kanthi injeksi sub-Q utawa IM. Sawise dosis loading, ngaturake 0,1 unit/kg saben jam sub-Q utawa IM insulin reguler.
Ketoacidosis Diabetik Sedheng nganti Parah IVKanggo perawatan ketoacidosis diabetes moderat nganti abot (glukosa plasma >250 mg/ dL kanthi pH arteri ≤7–7.24 lan serum bikarbonat ≤10–15 mEq/L) utawa hiperglikemia hiperosmolar ing wong diwasa, ADA nyaranake dosis loading 0,15 unit/kg insulin reguler kanthi injeksi IV langsung, disusul infus IV terus. 0,1 unit/kg saben jam.
Yen konsentrasi glukosa plasma ora mudhun nganti 50 mg/dL sajrone jam pisanan terapi insulin, tingkat infus insulin bisa tikel kaping pindho saben jam, yen pasien dihidrasi kanthi cukup, nganti glukosa plasma mudhun kanthi ajeg 50-75 mg/dL saben jam.
Yen konsentrasi glukosa plasma 250 utawa 300 mg/dL diraih ing pasien ketoacidosis diabetes utawa hiperglikemia hiperosmolar, bisa uga nyuda tingkat glukosa plasma. tingkat infus insulin nganti 0,05-0,1 unit / kg saben jam. Bisa uga kudu nyetel tingkat administrasi insulin utawa konsentrasi dekstrosa kanggo njaga konsentrasi glukosa nganti resolusi ketoacidosis diabetes (yaiku, glukosa serum <200 mg/dL, pH vena> 7,3, bikarbonat serum ≥18 mEq/L) utawa hiperglikemia hyperosmolar. (yaiku, pasien waspada mental, osmolalitas serum ≤315 mOsm/kg).
Dosis Sawise Resolusi Ketoacidosis Diabetik IV, banjur Sub-QSawise resolusi ketoasidosis diabetik (yaiku, glukosa plasma <200 mg/ dL, pH vena> 7,3, bikarbonat serum ≥18 mEq / L) utawa hiperglikemia hyperosmolar ing pasien sing ora bisa mangan, terus insulin IV lan penggantian cairan; bisa menehi insulin sub-Q reguler yen perlu saben 4 jam. Bisa menehi sub-Q insulin reguler kanthi tambahan 5 unit kanggo saben kenaikan 50-mg/dL ing konsentrasi glukosa getih ing ndhuwur 150 mg/dL, nganti dosis nganti 20 unit insulin reguler kanggo glukosa getih ≥300 mg/ dL.
Nalika pasien bisa mangan, miwiti rejimen insulin sub-Q dosis kaping pirang-pirang sing dumadi saka insulin sing tumindak cendhak utawa cepet lan insulin sing tumindak menengah utawa dawa. Terusake insulin IV reguler sajrone 1-2 jam sawise miwiti regimen insulin sub-Q kanggo njamin konsentrasi insulin plasma sing nyukupi sajrone transisi. Penolakan tiba-tiba saka insulin IV kanthi institusi sub-Q insulin sing tundha bisa nyebabake kontrol glikemik sing luwih elek. Pasien karo diabetes mellitus sing dikenal bisa miwiti maneh regimen insulin sing ditampa sadurunge krisis hiperglikemik, lan regimen kasebut bisa diatur luwih lanjut yen perlu kanggo kontrol glikemik sing nyukupi.
Pasien diabetes mellitus sing mentas didiagnosis kudu nampa a Dosis insulin total saben dina 0,5-1 unit / kg minangka bagean saka regimen pirang-pirang dosis insulin, nganti dosis optimal ditetepake. Bisa ngatur sawetara pasien diabetes mellitus jinis 2 sing mentas didiagnosis kanthi terapi diet lan agen antidiabetik oral sawise ngrampungake krisis hiperglikemik.
Pènget
Pènget/PanandhapPènget
Hipoglikemia
Perhatian kudu ditindakake ing pasien sing paling beresiko ngalami efek kasebut, kalebu pasien sing lagi pasa utawa sing duwe respon kontraregulasi sing cacat (contone, pasien neuropati otonom, adrenal). utawa insufficiency pituitary, sing nampa agen pamblokiran β-adrenergik). .
Nyuda potensial hipoglikemia postprandial pungkasan kanthi ngganti wektu, frekuensi, lan isi dhaharan; ngganti pola latihan; asring ngawasi konsentrasi glukosa getih; nyetel dosis insulin; lan/utawa ngalih menyang insulin sing tumindak luwih cepet (yaiku, insulin lispro).
Gunakake terapi insulin intensif kanthi ati-ati ing pasien sing duwe riwayat ora sadar hipoglikemik utawa episode hipoglikemik sing ambalan. Konsentrasi glukosa getih target sing luwih dhuwur (contone, konsentrasi glukosa getih pasa 140 mg/dL lan konsentrasi postprandial 2 jam 200–250 mg/dL) disaranake kanggo pasien kasebut.
Ngati-ati banget nalika konsentrasi ( U-500) injeksi insulin manungsa (biasa) digunakake ing pasien kanthi resistensi insulin sing ditandhani (yaiku, kabutuhan insulin saben dina luwih saka 200 unit). Overdosis sing ora disengaja bisa nyebabake kejut insulin sing ora bisa dibatalake. Konsekuensi serius bisa nyebabake yen injeksi konsentrasi iki digunakake tanpa pengawasan medis sing terus-terusan.
Reaksi Sensitivitas
Reaksi lokal (contone, nyeri ing situs injeksi, eritema, pruritus, bengkak) dilaporake. Anget insulin ing kulkas nganti suhu kamar sadurunge digunakake bakal mbatesi iritasi lokal ing situs injeksi.
Reaksi hipersensitivitas umum (contone, ruam, sesak ambegan, wheezing, hipotensi, tachycardia, diaphoresis) dilaporake kurang asring, nanging bisa uga ngancam nyawa. Insiden reaksi alergi bisa uga suda kanthi kasedhiyan insulin sing luwih diresiki (umpamane, insulin manungsa, insulin lispro).
Resistensi InsulinResistensi insulin kronis amarga kekebalan wis suda kanthi ngganti persiapan insulin sing diresiki. (contone, insulin manungsa).
Pancegahan Umum
LipodistrofiAtrofi utawa hipertrofi jaringan lemak subkutan bisa kedadeyan ing situs sing asring disuntikake insulin. Puterake situs injeksi kanggo nyuda utawa nyegah efek kasebut.
HipokalemiaPerhatian kudu ditindakake ing pasien sing paling beresiko ngalami hipokalemia, kayata sing nampa obat penurun kalium.
Amarga ketoacidosis diabetes asring digandhengake karo hipokalemia, kemungkinan ketidakseimbangan kalium kudu dievaluasi lan, yen ana, didandani sadurunge administrasi insulin, anggere fungsi ginjel sing nyukupi terjamin.
Penyakit bebarenganLara, utamane mual lan muntah, lan owah-owahan pola mangan bisa ngowahi kabutuhan insulin.
Panganggone Kombinasi TetepYen digunakake ing kombinasi tetep karo agen liyane, nimbang ati-ati, pancegahan, lan kontraindikasi sing digandhengake karo agen sing bebarengan.
Populasi Tertentu
KandhutanKategori B.
Akeh dokter nyaranake miwiti terapi insulin intensif (3 utawa luwih injeksi insulin saben dina kanthi dosis disetel miturut asil paling ora 4 getih saben dina. penentuan glukosa, asupan diet, lan latihan sing diantisipasi) sadurunge konsepsi ing pasien diabetes sing dikontrol kanthi apik ing agen hipoglikemik oral lan sing nimbang meteng.
Panggunaan GeriatrikAman saka regimen insulin intensif (3 utawa luwih). injeksi insulin saben dina kanthi dosis sing disetel miturut asil paling ora 4 tekad glukosa getih saben dina, asupan diet, lan olahraga sing diantisipasi) ing pasien geriatrik wis ditakoni. Tambah insiden hipoglikemia sing ana gandhengane karo terapi insulin intensif bisa nambah kemungkinan stroke lan serangan jantung ing pasien kasebut.
Reaksi hipoglikemik ing pasien diabetes geriatrik bisa uga niru kacilakan serebrovaskular. Tambah insiden penyakit makrovaskular ing pasien geriatrik karo diabetes mellitus jinis 2 bisa nggawe pasien kasebut luwih rentan kanggo akibat serius saka hipoglikemia (contone, pingsan, kejang, tiba, stroke, iskemia bisu, MI, pati dadakan).
Efek Umum sing Sabar
Hipoglikemia.
Apa obatan liyane bakal mengaruhi Insulin Human
Obat-obat Spesifik
Obat-obat sing Bisa Ngapikake Efek HipoglikemikPemblokir saluran kalsium
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