Mannitol
Jeneng merek: Osmitrol
Kelas obat:
Agen Antineoplastik , Agen Antineoplastik
Panganggone Mannitol
Gagal Ginjal Akut Oliguric
Digunakake kanggo ningkatake diuresis kanggo nyegah lan/utawa perawatan fase oliguric gagal ginjal akut, sing bisa kedadeyan sawise pendarahan gedhe, trauma, kejut, kobong, reaksi transfusi sing disebabake. kanthi getih sing ora cocog, utawa operasi gedhe sadurunge ana bukti nekrosis tubular utawa pirang-pirang trombosis pembuluh darah.
Wis digunakake kanggo nyuda nefrotoksisitas sing disebabake dening amphotericin B.
Ora ana efek lan bisa mbebayani yen digunakake sawise nekrosis tubular lan gagal ginjal sing ora bisa dibaleni.
Pengurangan Tekanan Intrakranial
Digunakake sadurunge lan sajrone bedah saraf kanggo nyuda tekanan intrakranial sing tambah akeh lan kanggo perawatan edema serebral. Uga bisa digunakake kanggo perawatan awal edema serebral ing pasien ketoacidosis diabetes utawa ing koma hipoglikemik sing gagal nanggapi paningkatan konsentrasi glukosa getih.
Penurunan Tekanan Intraokular
Digunakake kanggo nyuda tekanan intraokular (IOP) sing dhuwur nalika tekanan ora bisa diturunake kanthi cara liya. Utamane migunani kanggo nambani episode akut saka sudut tertutup, glaukoma absolut, utawa sekunder lan kanggo ngedhunake TIO sadurunge operasi intraokular.
Ekskresi Racun saka urin
Digunakake piyambak utawa karo diuretik liyane (contone, furosemide, asam etacrynic) kanggo ningkatake ekskresi racun saka urin (contone, aspirin utawa salisilat liyane, sawetara barbiturat, bromida, Imipramine) minangka tambahan kanggo regimen perawatan biasa ing pasien kanthi mabuk abot.
Reseksi Prostatik Transurethral lan Prostatectomy Transurethral
Digunakake minangka solusi irigasi ing reseksi prostat transurethral kanggo nyuda efek hemolitik saka banyu, mlebu getih hemolisis menyang sirkulasi, lan asil hemoglobinemia sing dianggep minangka faktor utama kanggo ngasilake komplikasi ginjel sing serius.
Uga wis diterbitake IV sadurunge, sajrone, lan sawise prostatektomi transurethral† [off-label] kanggo njaga output urin, ningkatake ekskresi kanthi cepet saka irigasi sing diserap, lan nyuda kabutuhan. kanggo irigasi sawise operasi.
Hyperuricemia
Wis digunakake kanggo ningkatake ekskresi asam urat lan nyegah hiperurisemia lan/utawa nefropati asam urat† [off-label] ing pasien sing ngalami uricemia sawise kemoterapi utawa terapi radiasi kanggo leukemia utawa limfoma.
Toksisitas Ciguatera
Wis digunakake minangka terapi awal, kanthi kombinasi karo terapi pendukung liyane, kanggo mbalikke manifestasi neurologis lan neurosensori uga manifestasi GI saka keracunan iwak ciguatera† [off-label].
Edema lan Ascites
Wis digunakake piyambak utawa bebarengan karo diuretik liyane kanggo ningkataké diuresis kanggo perawatan ndhukung busung lan ascites† [off-label] asal nefrotik, sirosis, utawa jantung.
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Carane nggunakake Mannitol
Umum
Administrasi
Administrasi injeksi manitol IV. Atur solusi irigasi sorbitol-manitol kanthi instilasi transurethral.
Pengaturan IV
Kanggo informasi kompatibilitas obat, deleng Kompatibilitas ing Stabilitas.
Administrasi kanthi infus IV nggunakake administrasi nyetel karo saringan.
Yen digunakake ing prosedur bedhah kanggo nyegah gagal ginjal akut oliguria, administrasi bisa diwiwiti sadurunge utawa sanalika sawise operasi lan bisa diterusake sawise operasi.
Yen digunakake sadurunge operasi kanggo nyuda IOP, administrasi 1 -1,5 jam sadurunge operasi supaya bisa nyuda tekanan maksimal sadurunge operasi.
Dosis TesAtur dosis tes kanggo pasien sing nandhang oliguria utawa fungsi ginjel sing dicurigai ora nyukupi kanggo netepake respon ginjel sadurunge terapi diwiwiti.
Tanggepan dianggep cukup yen paling sethithik 30-50 ml urin saben jam diekskresi sajrone 2-3 jam sabanjure.
Yen respon sing nyukupi ora digayuh, dosis tes kapindho bisa diwenehake.
Yen respon sing marem ora dipikolehi sawise dosis tes kapindho, evaluasi maneh pasien, lan mannitol ora bisa digunakake.
Tingkat AdministrasiDosis tes kanggo wong diwasa lan bocah-bocah> umur 12 taun: Infuse sajrone 3-5 menit kanggo ngasilake aliran urin ≥30-50 mL / jam.
Pengobatan oliguria ing wong diwasa: Infuse luwih saka 90 menit nganti pirang-pirang jam.
Edem serebral utawa okular ing bocah-bocah umure >12 taun: Biasane, infus luwih saka 30-60 menit.
Pengurangan intrakranial utawa TIO ing wong diwasa: Biasane, infus luwih saka 30-60 menit.
Edema lan ascites† [off-label] ing wong diwasa lan bocah-bocah > 12 taun: Nduwe wis infus liwat 2-6 jam.
Irigasi Transurethral
Sorbitol-manitol solusi irigasi mung kanggo irigasi urologic; aja digunakake kanggo injeksi.
Administrasi mung kanthi instilasi transurethral nggunakake instrumentasi urologi sing cocog lan bisa digunakake.
Panggonan wadah irigasi fleksibel >60 cm ing ndhuwur meja operasi bisa nambah penyerapan irigasi intravaskular. solusi.
Dosis
Pasien Anak
Tes Gagal Ginjal Akut Oligurik dosis IVBocah >12 taun: 0,2 g/kg utawa 6 g/m2 minangka dosis siji.
Tujuan terapeutik IVBocah >12 taun: 2 g/kg utawa 60 g/m2 .
Edema Serebral utawa Okular IVBocah >12 taun: 2 g/kg utawa 60 g/m2 diwènèhaké minangka solusi 15 utawa 20%.
Ekskresi Racun IV liwat UrinAnak > 12 taun: 2 g/kg utawa 60 g/m2 diwenehake minangka solusi 5 utawa 10% yen perlu.
Edema lan Ascites† IVBocah >12 taun: 2 g/kg utawa 60 g/m2 diwenehake minangka solusi 15 utawa 20%.
Dewasa
Dosis Biasa IV20-100 g diterbitake sajrone 24 jam.
Dosis Tes IVKira-kira 0,2 g/kg utawa 12,5 g infus IV minangka solusi 15 utawa 20% (biasane 100 utawa 75 mL saka solusi 15 utawa 20%).
Oliguric Acute Renal Failure Prevention IV50–100 g minangka solusi 5, 10, utawa 15%. Umumé, solusi sing dikonsentrasi diwènèhaké dhisik banjur diterusaké kanthi solusi 5 utawa 10%.
Perawatan Oliguria IV100 g infus IV minangka solusi 15 utawa 20%.
Manajemen Nefrotoksisitas sing Gegandhengan karo Amfoterisin B IV12,5 g diwenehake sadurunge lan sawise saben dosis amfoterisin B.
Pengurangan Tekanan Intrakranial IVBiasane, 0,25 g/kg sing diwenehake ora luwih kerep tinimbang saben 6-8 jam bakal nyuda tekanan intrakranial maksimal. Utawa, 1,5-2 g / kg infus IV minangka solusi 15, 20, utawa 25%.
Penurunan tekanan intrakranial sing cukup bisa ditindakake kanthi gradien osmotik antarane getih lan CSF kira-kira 10 mOsmol.
Pengurangan TIO IVBiasane, 1,5-2 g/kg infus IV minangka solusi 15, 20, utawa 25%.
Sawetara dokter nyaranake mung 1 g utawa nganti 3,2 g / kg infus IV minangka solusi 15, 20, utawa 25%.
Ekskresi Racun IV ing urin Umumé, njaga output urin> 100 mL / jam, nanging luwih becik 500 ml / jam, lan keseimbangan cairan positif 1-2 L.Kaping pisanan, 25 g, banjur infus saka solusi tingkat sing bakal njaga output urin ≥100 mL/jam.
Ing keracunan barbiturat, wiwitane 0,5 g/kg, disusul administrasi larutan 5 utawa 10% kanthi laju kanggo njaga urin sing dikarepake output.
Utawa, wenehake 1 L saka solusi 10% sajrone jam pisanan. Ukur volume urin lan pH lan etung keseimbangan cairan kumulatif ing pungkasan jam pisanan lan periode 2 jam sabanjure. Yen imbangan cairan positif yaiku 1-2 L, aturake 1 L larutan 10% sajrone 2 jam sabanjure. Yen keseimbangan cairan positif <1 L, ganti manitol karo 1 L 1/6 M natrium laktat sajrone 2 jam sabanjure (yen pH urin <7) utawa 1 L natrium klorida 0,9% sajrone 2 jam (yen pH urin >7 ). Yen kaseimbangan cairan positif luwih saka 2 L, gunakake 10% manitol kanthi tingkat sing paling alon. Pemberian furosemide IV dianjurake yen imbangan cairan positif >2,5 L.
Reseksi Prostatik Transurethral Irigasi UrogenitalAtur volume larutan irigasi sorbitol-manitol sing cukup; volume ditemtokake ing discretion saka dokter.
Hiperurisemia† IV50 g/m2 wis diwenehi ing 24 jam.
Ciguatera Toxicity† IV1 g/kg.
Edema lan Ascites† IV100 g infus IV minangka solusi 10-20%.
Populasi Khusus
Pasien Geriatri
Pilih dosis kanthi ati-ati, diwiwiti ing pungkasan dosis sing paling ngisor, amarga nyuda fungsi ati, ginjel, lan/utawa jantung sing ana gandhengane karo umur lan penyakit bebarengan lan terapi obat.
Pènget
Kontraindikasi
Pènget / PancegahanPènget
Ketidakseimbangan Cairan lan Elektrolit
Risiko gangguan elektrolit sing serius (contone, hiponatremia, hipernatremia, hipokalemia, hiperkalemia); bisa uga cukup abot kanggo ngowahi keseimbangan asam-basa utawa nyuda ambegan. Thiazides bisa digunakake yen ana hipernatremia utawa hiperosmolalitas.
Akumulasi manitol sing disebabake dening output urin sing ora nyukupi utawa administrasi kanthi cepet kanthi dosis gedhe bisa nyebabake overexpansion cairan ekstraselular lan kakehan sirkulasi sing nyebabake pratandha lan gejala keracunan banyu. Overhidrasi bisa didandani kanthi hemodialisis utawa administrasi diuretik sing kuat (umpamane, furosemide).
Yen output urin mudhun sajrone administrasi, priksa status klinis pasien lan mandhegake mannitol yen perlu.
Stop. utawa mannitol alon yen tekanan vena pusat mundhak utawa ana bukti liyane kakehan sirkulasi. Pemberian cairan ngirim ora ngluwihi 1 L / dina sing ngluwihi output urin.
Diuresis sing terus-terusan bisa nyebabake intensifikasi hemokonsentrasi sing wis ana; uga bisa nyebabake hipovolemia sing nyuda tingkat filtrasi glomerulus lan nambah reabsorpsi sodium lan banyu.
Nyegah utawa ngobati kekurangan volume lan elektrolit kanthi menehi larutan manitol encer kanthi natrium klorida sing ditambahake utawa kanthi ganti saben liter larutan manitol kanthi liter injeksi natrium klorida sing ditambahake 40 mEq kalium klorida. Yen ana ancaman mati ginjel, suplemen kalium kudu diwenehake sakbanjure, nanging ora bebarengan karo mannitol.
Efek KardiovaskularKeluwihan cairan ekstrasel (pirsani Ketidakseimbangan Cairan lan Elektrolit ing Ati-ati) bisa nyebabake edema paru. lan CHF fulminating, utamane ing pasien kanthi cadangan jantung sing suda. Evaluasi kanthi ati-ati status kardiovaskuler sadurunge administrasi.
Efek GinjalKamungkinan nefrosis vakuolar sing ora bisa dibalèkaké.
Pancegahan Umum
PseudoagglutinationKamungkinan pseudoagglutination yen solusi mannitol tanpa elektrolit diwenehake bebarengan karo getih. Yen getih kudu diwènèhaké bebarengan karo mannitol, tambahake ≥20 mEq natrium klorida kanggo saben liter larutan mannitol.
Ngawasi PasienNgawasi kanthi teliti kanggo ketidakseimbangan cairan lan elektrolit.
Monitor urin output; konsentrasi sodium lan kalium serum; tekanan vena pusat; derajat hemokonsentrasi utawa hemodilusi; lan fungsi ginjel, jantung, lan paru-paru.
Panganggone Solusi Irigasi Urogenital Kombinasi TetepNalika solusi irigasi sorbitol-manitol digunakake, pertimbangake ati-ati, pancegahan, lan kontraindikasi sing ana gandhengane karo sorbitol.
Populasi Spesifik
KandhutanKategori C.
LaktasiOra dingerteni manawa manitol disebarake menyang susu. Ati-ati yen digunakake mannitol.
Panggunaan PediatrikAman lan khasiat injeksi mannitol ora ditetepake ing bocah-bocah <12 taun.
Keamanan lan khasiat solusi irigasi sorbitol-mannitol durung ditetepake .
Panggunaan GeriatrikPengalaman sing ora cukup ing pasien ≥65 taun ing uji klinis; Nanging, respon ora katon beda saka sing ing diwasa enom. Pilih dosis kanthi ati-ati amarga frekuensi nyuda fungsi hepatik, ginjel, lan/utawa jantung sing luwih gedhe lan penyakit sing bebarengan lan terapi obat sing diamati ing wong tuwa.
Diilangi sacara substansial dening ginjel; netepake fungsi ginjel kanthi periodik amarga pasien geriatrik luwih cenderung ngalami penurunan fungsi ginjel.
Gagal GinjalDiilangi kanthi signifikan dening ginjel; tambah risiko reaksi beracun.
Atur dosis tes kanggo pasien kanthi gangguan ginjel sing abot. (Deleng Dosis Tes ing Dosis lan Administrasi.)
Efek Ngaruhi Umum
Ketidakseimbangan cairan lan elektrolit.
Apa obatan liyane bakal mengaruhi Mannitol
Obat Spesifik
Obat
Interaksi
Komentar
Litium
Peningkatan ekskresi litium urin
Amati kemungkinan gangguan respon kanggo lithium
Disclaimer
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