Minoxidil (Systemic)
Kelas obat: Agen Antineoplastik
Panganggone Minoxidil (Systemic)
Hipertensi
Manajemen hipertensi gejala sing abot utawa hipertensi sing gegandhèngan karo karusakan organ pungkasan ing pasien hipertensi sing ora bisa dikontrol ora bisa diatur kanthi dosis terapeutik maksimal saka diuretik lan 2 agen antihipertensi liyane.
Ora dianjurake kanggo hipertensi entheng utawa moderat utawa hipertensi abot sing bisa dikontrol karo obat liyane.
Ora kanggo perawatan awal hipertensi miturut pedoman saiki kanggo manajemen hipertensi ing wong diwasa, nanging bisa digunakake minangka terapi tambahan yen BP ora dikontrol kanthi cukup karo kelas obat antihipertensi sing disaranake (yaiku, inhibitor ACE. , antagonis reseptor angiotensin II, blocker saluran kalsium, diuretik thiazide).
Bisa digunakake kanthi kombinasi karo terapi antihipertensi liyane (contone, diuretik lan β-blocker, inhibitor ACE, agen pamblokiran saluran kalsium, lan/utawa antagonis reseptor angiotensin II).
Pilihan terapi individu; nimbang karakteristik pasien (umpamane, umur, etnis / ras, komorbiditas, risiko kardiovaskular) uga faktor sing gegandhengan karo obat (umpamane, gampang administrasi, kasedhiyan, efek samping, biaya).
Pedoman hipertensi multidisiplin ACC/AHA 2017 nggolongake BP ing wong diwasa dadi 4 kategori: normal, dhuwur, hipertensi tahap 1, lan hipertensi tahap 2. (Deleng Tabel 1.)
Sumber: Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Gugus Tugas Asosiasi Jantung babagan Pedoman Praktek Klinis. Hipertensi. 2018;71:e13-115.
Individu sing duwe SBP lan DBP ing 2 kategori beda (contone, SBP munggah pangkat lan DBP normal) kudu ditunjuk minangka kategori BP sing luwih dhuwur (yaiku, BP munggah pangkat).
Tabel 1. Klasifikasi ACC/AHA BP ing Dewasa1200Kategori
SBP (mm Hg)
DBP (mm Hg)
Normal
<120
lan
<80
Inggil
120–129
lan
<80
Hipertensi, Tahap 1
130–139
utawa
80–89
Hipertensi, Tahap 2
≥140
utawa
≥90
Tujuan manajemen hipertensi lan Nyegah yaiku kanggo nggayuh lan njaga kontrol BP sing optimal. Nanging, ambang BP digunakake kanggo nemtokake hipertensi, ambang BP paling luweh kanggo miwiti terapi obat antihipertensi, lan nilai BP target ideal tetep kontroversial.
Pedoman hipertensi ACC/AHA 2017 umume nyaranake target target BP (yaiku, BP kanggo digayuh kanthi terapi obat lan/utawa intervensi nonfarmakologi) <130/80 mm Hg ing kabeh wong diwasa tanpa preduli saka komorbiditas utawa level. risiko penyakit kardiovaskular aterosklerotik (ASCVD). Kajaba iku, target SBP <130 mm Hg umume dianjurake kanggo pasien ambulatory non-institusional ≥65 taun kanthi rata-rata SBP ≥130 mm Hg. Tujuan BP iki adhedhasar studi klinis sing nuduhake penurunan risiko kardiovaskular ing tingkat SBP sing luwih murah.
Pedoman hipertensi liyane umume duwe target target BP adhedhasar umur lan komorbiditas. Pedoman kayata sing diterbitake dening panel ahli JNC 8 umume target target BP <140/90 mm Hg tanpa preduli saka risiko kardiovaskular, lan nggunakake ambang BP sing luwih dhuwur lan target BP ing pasien tuwa dibandhingake karo sing disaranake dening ACC 2017 / Pedoman hipertensi AHA.
Sawetara dokter terus ndhukung target BP sadurunge sing disaranake JNC 8 amarga kuwatir babagan kekurangan data umum saka sawetara uji klinis (contone, studi SPRINT) sing digunakake kanggo ndhukung ACC 2017 / Pedoman hipertensi AHA lan cilaka potensial (contone, efek obat sing ora becik, biaya terapi) dibandhingake keuntungan saka nyuda BP ing pasien kanthi risiko penyakit kardiovaskular sing luwih murah.
Pirsani keuntungan potensial saka manajemen hipertensi lan biaya obat, efek sing ora becik, lan risiko sing ana gandhengane karo panggunaan macem-macem obat antihipertensi nalika nemtokake tujuan perawatan BP pasien.
Kanggo pancasan babagan kapan kudu miwiti terapi obat (ambang BP), pedoman hipertensi ACC/AHA 2017 nggabungake faktor risiko kardiovaskular sing ndasari. Penilaian risiko ASCVD dianjurake dening ACC/AHA kanggo kabeh wong diwasa kanthi hipertensi.
ACC/AHA saiki nyaranake miwiti terapi obat antihipertensi saliyane modifikasi gaya urip/perilaku ing SBP ≥140 mm Hg utawa DBP ≥90 mm Hg ing wong diwasa sing ora duwe riwayat penyakit kardiovaskular (yaiku, pencegahan primer) lan risiko ASCVD sing kurang (resiko 10 taun <10%).
Kanggo pencegahan sekunder ing wong diwasa kanthi penyakit kardiovaskular sing dikenal utawa kanggo Nyegah utama ing risiko ASCVD luwih dhuwur (resiko 10 taun ≥10%), ACC/AHA nyaranake miwiti terapi obat antihipertensi kanthi rata-rata SBP ≥130 mm Hg utawa DBP rata-rata ≥80 mm Hg.
Wong diwasa kanthi hipertensi lan diabetes mellitus, penyakit ginjel kronis (CKD), utawa umur ≥65 taun dianggep duwe risiko dhuwur kanggo penyakit kardiovaskular; ACC / AHA nyatakake yen pasien kasebut kudu duwe terapi obat antihipertensi sing diwiwiti ing BP ≥130/80 mm Hg. Terapi obat individu ing pasien hipertensi lan faktor risiko kardiovaskular utawa liyane.
Ing hipertensi tahap 1, para ahli nyatakake yen cukup kanggo miwiti terapi obat nggunakake pendekatan perawatan langkah sing siji obat diwiwiti lan dititrasi lan obat liyane ditambahake kanthi urutan kanggo nggayuh target BP. Coba miwiti terapi antihipertensi kanthi 2 agen lini pertama saka kelas farmakologi sing beda ing wong diwasa kanthi hipertensi tahap 2 lan rata-rata BP> 20/10 mm Hg ing ndhuwur target BP.
Alopecia Androgenetik
Digunakake topikal kanggo ngrangsang pertumbuhan maneh rambut ing pasien karo alopecia androgenetik (alopecia pola lanang, alopecia turun temurun, botak umum lanang) utawa alopecia areata†. Keamanan lan khasiat formulasi minoxidil topikal sing disiapake sacara ekstemporan kanggo ningkatake pertumbuhan rambut sing durung dievaluasi kanthi lengkap lan preparat kasebut bisa beda-beda ing kekuatan lan khasiat. FDA njaluk supaya dokter lan apoteker ora nyiapake formulasi topikal ekstemporan nggunakake tablet sing kasedhiya ing komersial.
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Carane nggunakake Minoxidil (Systemic)
Umum
Tujuan Pemantauan lan Perawatan BP
Administrasi
Oral Administration
Administrasi oral sapisan dina yen DBP supine pasien wis suda <30 mm Hg; Diwenehi kaping pindho saben dina (ing dosis sing dibagi) yen DBP supine pasien mudhun> 30 mm Hg.
Yen perlu kontrol cepet, bisa menehi dosis saben 6 jam; ngawasi BP rapet.
Dosis
Pasien Anak
Hipertensi OralBocah <12 taun: Kaping pisanan, 0,2 mg/kg sapisan dina. Bisa nambah dosis kanthi interval paling sethithik 3 dina kanthi nambah 50-100% nganti respon BP paling optimal. Yen perlu kontrol BP kanthi cepet, nyetel dosis saben 6 jam; ngawasi BP rapet. Dosis efektif biasa yaiku 0,25-1 mg / kg (maksimal 50 mg) saben dina.
Bocah>12 taun: Kaping pisanan, 5 mg sapisan dina. Bisa nambah dosis kanthi interval paling sethithik 3 dina nganti 10 mg, 20 mg, banjur 40 mg saben dina ing 1 utawa 2 dosis dibagi nganti respon BP paling optimal. Yen perlu kontrol BP kanthi cepet, nyetel dosis saben 6 jam; ngawasi BP rapet. Dosis efektif biasa yaiku 10-40 mg (maksimal 100 mg) saben dina.
Hipertensi abot kanthi gejala sing ora ngancam nyawa† [off-label] OralKanggo nyuda tekanan getih kanthi cepet, 0,1–0,2 mg/kg (nganti 10 mg saben dosis) bisa digunakake; diwenehake saben 8-12 jam.
Dewasa
Hipertensi OralKaping pisanan, 5 mg sapisan dina. Dosis bisa ditambah kanthi interval paling sethithik 3 dina nganti 10 mg, 20 mg, banjur 40 mg saben dina ing 1 utawa 2 dosis dibagi nganti respon BP paling optimal. Yen kontrol cepet dibutuhake, nyetel dosis saben 6 jam; ngawasi BP rapet.
Dosis efektif biasa yaiku 10-40 mg saben dina nganti dosis maksimal 100 mg saben dina.
Sawetara ahli nyatakake kisaran dosis sing biasa yaiku 5-100 mg saben dina sing diwenehake minangka dosis siji utawa ing 2-3 dosis sing dibagi.
Watesan Resep
Pasien Pediatrik
Hipertensi OralBocah <12 taun: maksimal 50 mg saben dina.
Bocah> 12 taun: maksimal 100 mg saben dina.
Dewasa
Hipertensi OralMaksimal 100 mg saben dina.
Populasi Khusus
Gangguan Ginjal
Dosis sing luwih murah bisa uga dibutuhake ing gagal ginjel utawa dialisis (kira-kira kurang saka siji-katelu tinimbang pasien sing ora nampa dialisis) .
Dibusak nalika dialisis. Sawetara dokter nyaranake administrasi minoxidil sanalika sawise dialisis (yen dialisis jam 9 esuk); yen dialisis sawise jam 3 sore, dosis saben dina diwenehi jam 7 esuk (yaiku, 8 jam sadurunge dialisis).
Pasien Geriatrik
Pilih dosis kanthi ati-ati amarga nyuda fungsi ati, ginjel, lan/utawa jantung sing gegandhengan karo umur lan penyakit bebarengan lan terapi obat.
Pènget
Kontraindikasi
Pènget/PanandhapPènget
Efek Kardiovaskular
Penylametan sodium lan banyu kerep kedadeyan; bisa nyebabake edema, gain bobot, CHF, edema paru, lan refractoriness kanggo efek antihipertensi minoxidil. Administrasi diuretik bebarengan (biasane diuretik loop) umume dibutuhake. (Waca Umum ing Dosis lan Administrasi.) Ascites uga kacarita.
Tachycardia biasane ana lan angina pectoris bisa dadi luwih elek utawa kedadeyan tanpa angina sadurunge; efek kasebut bisa diminimalisir kanthi administrasi bebarengan agen pamblokiran β-adrenergik. (Deleng Umum ing Dosis lan Administrasi.)
Pericarditis lan efusi pericardial (kadhangkala karo tamponade) dilapurake utamane ing pasien karo penyakit jaringan ikat, sindrom uremik, CHF, utawa retensi cairan sing ditandhani; Kasus idiopatik uga dilaporake. Mirsani pasien kanthi rapet. (Deleng Warning Boxed.)
Penurunan tekanan darah sing cepet utawa kakehan ing pasien kanthi elevasi BP sing abot bisa nyebabake syncope, kacilakan serebrovaskular, MI, lan iskemia organ pangertèn khusus sing nyebabake nyuda utawa mundhut penglihatan utawa pangrungu; rumah sakit pasien hipertensi ganas lan sing wis nampa guanethidine (pirsani Obat Spesifik ing Interaksi) sajrone terapi minoxidil awal lan ngawasi kanthi rapet kanggo mesthekake yen tekanan getih mudhun nanging ora cepet banget.
Gunakake kanthi ati-ati ing pasien kanthi MI anyar (ing sasi sadurunge); nyuda BP arteri bisa mbatesi aliran getih miokardium.
Reaksi Sensitivitas
Kamungkinan hipersensitivitas (ruam kulit); bisa uga nimbang mandheg gumantung saka terapi alternatif.
Pancegahan Umum
Pemantauan PasienMonitor keseimbangan cairan lan elektrolit lan bobot awak. Ngawasi kanthi rapet pasien gagal ginjal utawa sing lagi dialisis kanggo nyegah eksaserbasi gagal ginjal utawa udan gagal jantung. Priksa pasien kanggo tandha lan gejala efusi perikardial.
Baleni tes laboratorium sing ora normal (umpamane, urinalisis, fungsi ginjel, ECG, radiografi dada, ekokardiogram) sing kedadeyan nalika wiwitan terapi, wiwitane kanthi interval 1 nganti 3 sasi lan nalika stabil, ing 6- nganti interval 12 sasi.
Populasi Tertentu
KandhutanKategori C.
LaktasiDistribusi menyang susu. Panganggone ora dianjurake dening pabrikan.
Panggunaan PediatrikPengalaman klinis karo minoxidil kanggo ngatur hipertensi ing bocah-bocah, utamane bayi, diwatesi. Titrasi dosis sing ati-ati dibutuhake.
Panggunaan GeriatrikPengalaman sing ora cukup ing pasien ≥ 65 taun kanggo nemtokake manawa pasien geriatrik nanggapi beda karo wong diwasa sing luwih enom.
Pilih dosis kanthi ati-ati amarga frekuensi fungsi hepatik, ginjel, lan/utawa jantung sing luwih gedhe lan penyakit bebarengan lan terapi obat ing wong tuwa. (Deleng Pasien Geriatrik ing Dosis lan Administrasi.)
Efek Sabar sing Umum
Hipertrikosis, retensi uyah lan banyu, efusi perikardial, mual, muntah.
Apa obatan liyane bakal mengaruhi Minoxidil (Systemic)
Obat Spesifik
Obat
Interaksi
Komentar
Diuretik
Efek hipotensi aditif; nggunakake bebarengan bisa nyegah retensi sodium lan volume plasma tambah sing bisa kedadeyan karo terapi minoxidil
Biasane digunakake kanggo keuntungan terapeutik; nyetel dosis kanthi ati-ati lan ngawasi pengurangan BP sing berlebihan
Guanethidine
Mungkin efek hipotensi ortostatik sing jero
Mbusak guanethidine 1-3 minggu sadurunge miwiti terapi minoxidil; yen ora bisa, miwiti minoxidil ing setelan rumah sakit lan monitor nganti orthostasis ora ana maneh
Agen hipotensi
Efek hipotensi aditif; nggunakake bebarengan bisa nyegah retensi sodium lan volume plasma tambah sing bisa kedadeyan karo terapi minoxidil
Biasane digunakake kanggo keuntungan terapeutik; nyetel dosis kanthi ati-ati lan monitor kanggo nyuda BP sing berlebihan
Disclaimer
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