Oxacillin
Jeneng merek: Bactocill
Kelas obat:
Agen Antineoplastik
Panganggone Oxacillin
Infeksi Staphylococcal
Pengobatan infeksi sing disebabake, utawa dicurigai disebabake dening staphylococci sing ngasilake penicillinase sing rentan, kalebu saluran pernapasan, struktur kulit lan kulit, balung lan sendi, lan infeksi saluran kemih lan meningitis. utawa bakteremia. Obat pilihan kanggo infeksi kasebut.
Pengobatan endokarditis katup asli utawa katup prostetik sing disebabake dening staphylococci sing rentan. Obat sing dipilih; digunakake kanthi utawa tanpa gentamicin kanggo endokarditis katup asli lan digunakake bebarengan karo rifampisin lan gentamicin kanggo endokarditis katup prostetik.
Yen digunakake sacara empiris, nimbang apa staphylococci tahan kanggo penisilin sing tahan penicillinase (staphylococci tahan oxacillin [tahan methicillin]) umum ing rumah sakit utawa komunitas. (Deleng Staphylococci Resistant to Penicillinase-resistant Penicillins ing Ati-ati.)
Profilaksis Perioperatif
Wis digunakake kanggo profilaksis perioperatif† [off-label] ing pasien sing ngalami bedah saraf utawa operasi kardiovaskuler utawa ortopedi sing ana gandhengane karo risiko infeksi staphylococcal. Ora dianggep obat pilihan.
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Carane nggunakake Oxacillin
Administrasi
Diwenehake kanthi injeksi IV utawa infus utawa kanthi injeksi IM.
Kanggo nyuda resiko trombophlebitis lan reaksi lokal sing saleh liyane sing ana gandhengane karo administrasi IV (utamane ing pasien geriatri), administrasi alon-alon lan ati-ati supaya ora ekstravasasi. .
Injeksi IV
RekonstitusiRekonstitusi bokor sing ngemot 1 utawa 2 g oxacillin kanthi nambahake 10 utawa 20 mL, banyu steril kanggo injeksi utawa injeksi natrium klorida 0,45 utawa 0,9% kanggo nyedhiyakake. solusi sing ngemot kira-kira 100 mg/mL.
Tingkat AdministrasiInjeksi dosis sing cocog alon-alon sajrone wektu kira-kira 10 menit.
Infus IV
Rekonstitusi lan PengenceranRekonstitusi bokor sing ngemot 1 utawa 2 g oxacillin kanthi nambahake 10 utawa 20 mL, banyu steril kanggo injeksi utawa injeksi natrium klorida 0,45 utawa 0,9% kanggo nyedhiyakake solusi sing ngemot kira-kira 100 mg / mL. Solusi sing dikonstitusi kudu luwih diencerake nganggo larutan IV sing kompatibel (pirsani Kompatibilitas Solusi ing Stabilitas) nganti konsentrasi 0,5–40 mg/mL.
Utawa, botol ADD-Vantage sing ngemot 1 utawa 2 g tamba kudu reconstituted miturut pandhuan pabrik.
Reconstitute 10-g farmasi paket akeh karo 93 mL banyu steril kanggo injeksi utawa 0,9% natrium klorida injeksi kanggo nyedhiyani solusi ngemot 100 mg/mL. Paket akeh farmasi saka obat kasebut ora dimaksudake kanggo infus IV langsung; sadurunge administrasi, dosis obat saka paket akeh farmasi reconstituted kudu luwih diencerke ing solusi infus IV kompatibel (ndeleng Kompatibilitas Solusi ing Stabilitas).
Thaw injeksi kasedhiya komersial (beku) ing suhu kamar utawa ing kulkas; ora meksa thaw dening kecemplung ing adus banyu utawa dening cahya kanggo radiation gelombang mikro. Precipitate bisa uga dibentuk ing injeksi beku, nanging kudu larut kanthi sithik utawa ora ana agitasi sawise tekan suhu kamar. Buang injeksi sing wis dicairake yen ana endapan sing ora larut utawa yen segel wadhah utawa port stopkontak ora utuh. Aditif ora kudu dilebokake ing injeksi. Injeksi kasebut ora kena digunakake ing sambungan seri karo wadhah plastik liyane, amarga panggunaan kasebut bisa nyebabake embolisme udara saka sisa udara sing ditarik saka wadhah utama sadurunge administrasi cairan saka wadhah sekunder rampung.
Tarif AdministrasiTingkat infus IV kudu diatur supaya dosis total diwenehake sadurunge obat kasebut ora aktif ing larutan IV.
Administrasi IM
Nyuntikake IM kanthi jero menyang otot gedhe. (contone, gluteus maximus) ngindhari cedera saraf sciatic.
RekonstitusiKanggo injeksi IM, reconstitute vial sing ngemot 1 utawa 2 g oxacillin kanthi nambahake 5,7 utawa 11,4 mL, masing-masing, banyu steril kanggo injeksi kanggo nyedhiyakake solusi sing ngemot 167 mg/mL (250 mg/1,5 mL). Goyangake vial kanthi apik nganti entuk solusi sing cetha.
Dosis
Kasedhiya minangka natrium oxacillin; dosis sing dituduhake ing syarat-syarat oxacillin.
Suwene perawatan gumantung saka jinis lan keruwetan infeksi lan kudu ditemtokake dening respon klinis lan bakteriologis pasien. Kanggo infèksi staphylococcal serius, durasi biasane ≥1-2 minggu; terapi sing luwih dawa perlu kanggo perawatan osteomyelitis utawa endokarditis.
Pasien Anak
Infeksi Staphylococcal Dosis Umum ing Neonatus IV utawa IM25 mg/kg saben dina dianjurake dening pabrikan.
Neonatus <1 minggu umur: AAP nyaranake 25 mg / kg saben 12 jam kanggo sing bobote <1,2 kg; 25-50 mg / kg saben 12 jam kanggo sing bobote 1,2 nganti 2 kg; lan 25-50 mg / kg saben 8 jam kanggo sing bobote> 2 kg. Dosis sing luwih dhuwur dianjurake kanggo meningitis.
Neonatus umur 1-4 minggu: AAP nyaranake 25 mg/kg saben 12 jam kanggo sing bobote <1,2 kg; 25-50 mg / kg saben 8 jam kanggo sing bobote 1,2 nganti 2 kg; lan 25-50 mg / kg saben 6 jam kanggo sing bobote> 2 kg. Dosis sing luwih dhuwur dianjurake kanggo meningitis.
Infèksi entheng nganti Moderat ing Bayi lan Anak IV utawa IMBocah sing bobote <40 kg: 50 mg/kg saben dina diwenehi ing dosis sing dibagi saben 6 jam.
Bocah sing bobote ≥40 kg: 250-500 mg saben 4-6 jam.
Bocah ≥1 sasi: AAP nyaranake 100-150 mg/kg saben dina ing 4 dosis dibagi.
Infèksi abot ing Bayi lan Anak IV utawa IMBocah <40 kg: 100-200 mg / kg saben dina diwenehake ing dosis sing dibagi saben 4-6 jam.
Bocah sing bobote ≥40 kg: 1 g saben 4-6 jam.
Bocah ≥1 sasi: AAP nyaranake 150-200 mg/kg saben dina ing 4-6 dosis dibagi.
Staphylococcal Native Valve Endokarditis IVAHA nyaranake 200 mg/kg saben dina. ing dosis dibagi saben 4-6 jam kanggo 6 minggu (maksimal 12 g saben dina). ing dosis dibagi saben 8 jam, dosis diatur kanggo nggayuh konsentrasi puncak gentamicin serum kira-kira 3 mcg/mL lan konsentrasi palung <1 mcg/mL) bisa diwènèhaké bebarengan yen organisme causative rentan kanggo tamba.
Katup Prostetik Staphylococcal Endokarditis IVAHA nyaranake 200 mg/kg saben dina diwenehi ing dosis dibagi saben 4-6 jam kanggo 6 minggu utawa luwih (maksimal 12 g saben dina).
Digunakake bebarengan karo rifampisin oral (20 mg/ kg saben dina diwènèhaké ing dosis dibagi saben 8 jam kanggo 6 minggu utawa luwih) lan IM utawa IV gentamicin (3 mg/kg saben dina diwenehi ing dosis dibagi saben 8 jam sak 2 minggu pisanan therapy oxacillin; dosis diatur kanggo nggayuh konsentrasi puncak gentamicin serum kira-kira 3 mcg/mL lan konsentrasi palung <1 mcg/mL).
Dewasa
Infeksi Staphylococcal Infeksi Ringan nganti Sedheng IV utawa IM250–500 mg saben 4-6 jam.
Infeksi abot IV utawa IM1 g saben 4-6 jam.
Osteomielitis Staphylococcal Akut utawa Kronis IV1,5-2 g saben 4 jam.
Yen digunakake kanggo perawatan osteomielitis akut utawa kronis sing disebabake dening staphylococci sing ngasilake penicillinase sing rentan, terapi parenteral umume diterusake kanggo 3-8 minggu; tindak lanjut karo penisilin tahan penicillinase lisan (contone, dicloxacillin) umume dianjurake. Ing perawatan osteomielitis akut, terapi tahan penisilin parenteral sing luwih cendhek (5-28 dina) diikuti 3-6 minggu terapi penisilin tahan penisilin oral uga efektif.
Staphylococcal Native Valve Endokarditis IVAHA nyaranake 2 g saben 4 jam kanggo 4-6 minggu.
Sanajan keuntungan saka aminoglikosida bebarengan durung ditetepake kanthi jelas, AHA nyatakake yen IM utawa IV gentamicin (1 mg/kg saben 8 jam) bisa diwenehake bebarengan sajrone 3-5 dina pisanan terapi oxacillin.
Staphylococcal Prosthetic Valve Endokarditis IVAHA nyaranake 2 g saben 4 jam kanggo ≥6 minggu bebarengan karo rifampisin oral (300 mg saben 8 jam kanggo 6 minggu utawa luwih) lan IM utawa IV gentamicin (1 mg / kg saben 8 jam sajrone 2 minggu pisanan terapi oxacillin). (Deleng Staphylococci Resistant to penicillinase-resistant penicillins under cautions.)
Infeksi Staphylococcal sing Gegandhengan karo Kateter Intravaskular IV2 g saben 4 jam.
Populasi Khusus
Genal Kerusakan
Modifikasi dosis umume ora perlu ing pasien kanthi gangguan ginjel; sawetara dokter nyaranake yen kisaran ngisor dosis biasa (1 g IM utawa IV saben 4-6 jam) digunakake ing wong diwasa kanthi Clcr <10 mL / menit.
Pènget
Kontraindikasi
Pènget/PanandhapReaksi Sensitivitas
Reaksi Hipersensitivitas
Reaksi hipersensitivitas sing serius lan kadhangkala fatal, kalebu anafilaksis, dilapurake karo penisilin. Anafilaksis paling kerep kedadeyan karo penisilin parenteral nanging wis kedadeyan karo penisilin oral.
Sadurunge miwiti terapi, priksa kanthi ati-ati babagan reaksi hipersensitivitas sadurunge kanggo penisilin, cephalosporin, utawa obat liyane. Alergenisitas silang parsial dumadi ing antarane penisilin lan antibiotik β-laktam liyane kalebu cephalosporins lan cephalycins.
Yen ana reaksi hipersensitivitas sing abot, enggal-enggal mandheg lan tindakake terapi sing cocog kaya sing dituduhake (contone, epinefrin, kortikosteroid, pangopènan saluran napas lan oksigen sing nyukupi).
Pancegahan Umum
Superinfection/Clostridium difficile-associated ColitisKamungkinan munculna lan tuwuh berlebihan organisme sing ora rentan. Pengamatan sing ati-ati saka pasien penting. Pasang terapi sing cocog yen superinfeksi kedadeyan.
Pengobatan kanthi anti-infèksi bisa ngidini clostridia tuwuh. Coba diare lan kolitis sing ana gandhengane karo Clostridium difficile (kolitis pseudomembranous sing gegandhengan karo antibiotik) yen diare berkembang lan bisa diatasi.
Sawetara kasus diare lan kolitis sing gegandhengan karo C. difficile sing entheng bisa nanggapi mung mandheg. Ngatur kasus moderat nganti abot kanthi tambahan cairan, elektrolit, lan protein; terapi anti-infèksi sing cocok (contone, metronidazole oral utawa vancomycin) dianjurake yen kolitis abot.
Pemantauan LaboratoriumPriksa sacara periodik fungsi sistem organ, kalebu ginjel, ati, lan hematopoietik, sajrone terapi sing dawa.
Nglakokake urinalisis lan nemtokake konsentrasi kreatinin serum lan BUN sadurunge lan sacara periodik sajrone terapi.
Kanggo ngawasi hepatotoksisitas, nemtokake konsentrasi AST lan ALT sadurunge lan sacara periodik sajrone terapi.
Amarga efek hematologi sing ala wis kedadeyan karo penisilin sing tahan penicillinase, jumlah WBC total lan diferensial kudu ditindakake sadurunge lan kaping 1-3 saben minggu sajrone terapi.
Pamilihan lan Panggunaan Anti-infèksiKanggo nyuda pangembangan bakteri sing tahan obat lan njaga efektifitas oxacillin lan antibakteri liyane, gunakake mung kanggo perawatan utawa nyegah infeksi sing kabukten utawa dicurigai banget disebabake dening bakteri sing rentan.
Nalika milih utawa ngowahi terapi anti-infèksi, gunakake asil kultur lan uji kerentanan in vitro Yen ora ana data kasebut, nimbang pola epidemiologi lan kerentanan lokal nalika milih anti-infèksi kanggo terapi empiris.
Staphylococci Resistant to Penicillins-resistant PenicillinsElinga yen staphylococci tahan kanggo penicillins-resistant penicillins (diarani minangka staphylococci tahan oxacillin-resistant [methicillin-resistant]) dilapurake kanthi frekuensi tambah.
Yen oxacillin digunakake kanthi empiris kanggo perawatan infeksi sing dicurigai disebabake dening staphylococci sing rentan, obat kasebut kudu dihentikan lan terapi anti-infektif sing cocog diganti yen infeksi kasebut disebabake dening organisme liya kajaba staphylococci sing ngasilake penicillinase sing rentan marang penisilin sing tahan penicillinase. . Yen staphylococci tahan kanggo penisilin sing tahan penicillinase (staphylococci tahan oxacillin [methicillin-resistant]) lazim ing rumah sakit utawa komunitas, terapi empiris kanggo infèksi staphylococcal sing dicurigai kudu kalebu anti-infèksi liyane sing cocog (contone, vankomisin).
Sajrone perawatan endokarditis, anggep yen staphylococci coagulase-negatif sing nyebabake endokarditis katup prostetik biasane tahan kanggo penisilin sing tahan penisilin (utamane nalika endokarditis berkembang sajrone 1 taun sawise operasi). Mulane, staphylococci coagulase-negatif sing melu endokarditis katup prostetik kudu dianggep tahan kanggo penisilin sing tahan penicillinase kajaba asil tes in vitro nuduhake yen isolat kasebut rentan kanggo obat kasebut.
Isi SodiumSaben 1 g bubuk natrium oxacillin kanggo injeksi ngemot kira-kira 2,5 mEq natrium lan disangga karo 20 mg sodium fosfat dibasic.
Populasi Tertentu
KandhutanKategori B.
LaktasiDistribusi menyang susu. Gunakake kanthi ati-ati.
Panggunaan PediatrikEliminasi penisilin ditundha ing neonatus amarga mekanisme sing durung diwasa kanggo ekskresi ginjel; Konsentrasi serum sing ora normal bisa kedadeyan ing klompok umur iki.
Yen digunakake ing neonatus, ngawasi kanthi rapet kanggo bukti klinis lan laboratorium babagan efek beracun utawa mbebayani, nemtokake konsentrasi oxacillin serum kanthi kerep, lan nyuda dosis lan frekuensi administrasi yen dituduhake.
Efek Samsaya Awon
Reaksi hipersensitivitas; reaksi lokal (phlebitis, thrombophlebitis); efek ginjel, ati, utawa sistem saraf kanthi dosis dhuwur.
Apa obatan liyane bakal mengaruhi Oxacillin
Obat Spesifik
Obat
Interaksi
Komentar
Aminoglikosida
Bukti in vitro efek antibakteri sinergis marang penghasil penicillinase lan nonpenisilinase. S. aureus
Antikoagulan, oral (warfarin)
Kamungkinan efek hipotrombinemik sing mudhun sing dilapurake karo penisilin tahan penicillinase liyane (dicloxacillin, nafcillin)
Monitor PT lan atur dosis antikoagulan yen dituduhake
Cyclosporine
Penurunan konsentrasi siklosporin sing dilapurake karo sawetara penisilin tahan penisilin liyane (contone, nafcillin)
Probenecid
Penurunan sekresi tubular ginjal penisilin sing tahan penisilin lan konsentrasi plasma sing tambah lan suwe
Rifampisin
Bukti in vitro indifference utawa sinergi marang S. .aureus kanthi konsentrasi oxacillin kurang lan antagonisme kanthi konsentrasi oxacillin dhuwur
Kamungkinan wektu tundha utawa nyegah muncule S. aureus sing tahan rifampisin
Tetracyclines
Kamungkinan antagonisme
Panganggo bareng ora dianjurake
Disclaimer
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