Pentobarbital
Jeneng merek: Nembutal
Kelas obat:
Agen Antineoplastik
Panganggone Pentobarbital
Insomnia
Pengobatan insomnia jangka pendek (yaiku, durasi ≤2 minggu); nyuda efektifitas kanggo induksi turu lan pangopènan sawise 2 minggu.
Wis digunakake kanggo sedasi rutin. Nanging, barbiturat arang digunakake kanggo indikasi iki amarga ana sawetara kahanan klinis nalika barbiturat oral menehi keuntungan safety utawa khasiat tinimbang obat penenang/hipnotik nonbarbiturat.
Bedah lan Preanesthesia
Sadurungé operasi, kanggo gawé sedasi lan nyuda rasa kuwatir.
Nyedhiyani hipnotis basal kanggo anestesi umum, spinal, utawa regional, utawa kanggo nggampangake prosedur intubasi.
Gangguan Kejang
Terapi alternatif kanggo ngontrol status epileptikus utawa episode kejang akut akibat meningitis, racun, eklampsia, alkohol mundur, tetanus, utawa korea.
IV Diazepam umume dianggep minangka obat pilihan kanggo mungkasi status epileptikus.
Penolakan Obat
Penolakan hipnotik barbiturat utawa nonbarbiturat ing pasien sing gumantung sacara fisik.
Perilaku Agitated
Wis digunakake kanggo ngontrol episode akut saka prilaku agitated ing psychoses† [off-label]; Nanging, regane sithik kanggo manajemen psikosis jangka panjang.
Induksi Koma
Wis digunakake ing dosis dhuwur kanggo ngindhuksi koma ing manajemen iskemia serebral† [off-label] lan tambah tekanan intrakranial† [off-label] sing gegandhèngan karo trauma sirah, stroke, Sindrom Reye, serangan jantung, sesak napas, utawa tenggelam.
Wis digunakake kanggo ameliorate utawa nyegah terus-terusan sing ana gandhengane karo iskemia serebral sajrone prosedur bedah saraf† [off-label] sing mbutuhake hipoksia serebral sing suwe.
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Carane nggunakake Pentobarbital
Umum
Insomnia
Administrasi
Administrasi kanthi IM utawa injeksi IV alon.
Administrasi IV
Kanggo informasi kompatibilitas solusi lan obat, deleng Kompatibilitas ing Stabilitas.
Reservasi administrasi IV kanggo ngindhuksi anestesi utawa perawatan darurat episode kejang akut utawa akut episode saka prilaku agitated ing psychoses. (Deleng Kelainan Kejang lan uga Perilaku Agitated ing Panggunaan.)
Biasane diwenehake kanthi konsentrasi 50 mg/mL.
Kudu ditindakake kanthi injeksi IV alon lan ing dosis pecahan kanggo ngidini wektu sing cukup kanggo pentobarbital nyebar menyang CNS. Interval wektu ≥1 menit dibutuhake kanggo nemtokake efek lengkap saka dosis IV.
Administrasi ing pengawasan sing cedhak lan ing setelan ing ngendi tandha-tandha vital bisa dipantau; BP, respirasi, lan fungsi jantung tetep; lan peralatan kanggo resusitasi lan ventilasi buatan wis kasedhiya. (Deleng Efek Pernafasan lan Kardiovaskular ing Ati-ati.)
Aja injeksi intra-arteri lan ekstravaskular. (Deleng Injeksi Intra-arteri ing Ati-ati.)
Tingkat AdministrasiAja ngluwihi 50 mg/menit. (Deleng Efek Pernafasan lan Kardiovaskular ing Ati-ati.)
Administrasi IM
Administrasi kanthi injeksi IM jero menyang otot gedhe.
Atur volume maksimal 5 ml ing salah siji situs kanggo nyegah iritasi jaringan.
Sawise administrasi dosis hipnotik gedhe, mirsani pasien kanthi teliti sajrone 20-30 menit lan ngawasi tandha-tandha vital kanggo mesthekake narkosis ora bakal kakehan.
Dosis
Kasedhiya minangka natrium pentobarbital; dosis ditulis ing syarat-syarat uyah.
Dosis IV umume ditemtokake dening reaksi sabar kanggo alon administrasi tamba.
Ing interval wektu saka >1 menit dibutuhake kanggo nemtokake efek lengkap saka tamba. dosis IV.
Pasien Anak
Insomnia IM2-6 mg/kg utawa 125 mg/m2 minangka dosis tunggal (maksimal 100 mg).
Bedah lan Preanesthesia IMBiasane, kira-kira 5 mg/kg.
IVKaping pisanan, biasane 50 mg. Yen perlu, aturake dosis sabanjure sawise >1 menit.
Gangguan Kejang IVKaping pisanan, biasane 50 mg. Yen perlu, aturake dosis sabanjure sawise >1 menit.
Perilaku Agitated† [off-label] IVKaping pisanan, biasane 50 mg. Yen perlu, aturake dosis sabanjure sawise >1 menit.
Dewasa
Insomnia IM150–200 mg minangka dosis siji.
IVKaping pisanan, biasane 100 mg kanggo wong diwasa sing bobote 70 kg. Sawise> 1 menit, yen perlu, tambahake dosis cilik tambahan nganti total 200-500 mg.
Bedah lan Preanesthesia IM150-200 mg minangka dosis tunggal.
Kejang IVKaping pisanan, biasane 100 mg. Sawise> 1 menit, yen perlu, tambahake dosis cilik tambahan nganti total 200-500 mg.
Atur dosis minimal kanggo ngindhari gabungan CNS lan depresi ambegan sing bisa kedadeyan sawise kejang. (Deleng Depresi SSP lan uga Efek Pernafasan lan Kardiovaskular, miturut Ati-ati.)
Penarikan Narkoba IMTetepake dosis stabil (biasane diwenehake kanthi interval 6 jam), banjur nyuda dosis saben dina ora luwih saka 100 mg. saben dina. Pasien sing gumantung banget biasane bisa ditarik saka barbiturat sajrone 14-21 dina.
Perilaku Agitated† IVKaping pisanan, biasane 100 mg. Sawise> 1 menit, yen perlu, tambahake dosis cilik tambahan nganti total 200-500 mg.
Batesan Resep
Pasien Anak
Insomnia IMMaksimum 100 mg saben dina.
Dewasa
IVMaksimum 200-500 mg.
Populasi Khusus
Gangguan Hepatik
Disaranake nyuda dosis.
Gangguan Ginjal
Disaranake nyuda dosis.
Pasien Geriatri
Disaranake nyuda dosis.
Pasien Lemah
Disaranake nyuda dosis.
Pènget
Kontraindikasi
Pènget/PanandhapPènget
Reaksi Pain
Potensi kanggo kasenengan paradoks lan/utawa euforia, gelisah, utawa delirium ing pasien kanthi nyeri abot. Barbiturat bisa nutupi gejala penting ing pasien kanthi nyeri akut utawa kronis. Gunakake kanthi ati-ati ing pasien kasebut. Ora bisa digunakake yen ana rasa nyeri sing ora bisa dikendhaleni.
Potensi PenyalahgunaanKamungkinan toleransi, katergantungan psikologis, lan katergantungan fisik sawise administrasi sing suwe.
Efek PenarikanPenghentian tiba-tiba sawise panggunaan sing suwe ing individu sing gumantung. bisa nyebabake gejala mundur (contone, delirium, konvulsi) lan bisa nyebabake fatal. Obat kudu ditarik kanthi bertahap ing pasien sing nampa dosis sing berlebihan sajrone wektu sing suwe.
Depresi SSPKinerja aktivitas sing mbutuhake kewaspadaan mental utawa koordinasi fisik bisa uga cacat.
Panganggone bebarengan depresan CNS liyane bisa nyebabake depresi CNS. (Deleng Obat Spesifik ing Interaksi.)
Efek Pernafasan lan KardiovaskularKamungkinan depresi pernapasan, apnea, laringospasm, utawa vasodilatasi lan hipotensi, utamane yen pentobarbital diwenehake kanthi cepet banget. Atur alon-alon; personel lan peralatan kudu kasedhiya kanggo administrasi respirasi buatan.
Morbiditas Janin/NeonatalBisa nyebabake cilaka janin. Yen digunakake nalika meteng utawa yen pasien meteng, kabar babagan bebaya janin.
Studi retrospektif, kasus kontrol nuduhake asosiasi antarane konsumsi barbiturat ibu lan insidensi abnormal janin sing luwih dhuwur tinimbang samesthine.
Adhedhasar data kewan, panggunaan anestesi umum lan obat sedasi sing bola-bali utawa suwe, kalebu pentobarbital, sajrone trimester katelu ngandhut bisa nyebabake efek neurodevelopmental sing ora becik ing janin. (Deleng Panganggone Pediatrik ing Cautions lan uga pirsani Saran kanggo Patients.)
Barbiturat wis nyebabake pendarahan postpartum lan penyakit hemorrhagic ing neonates; bisa dibalèkaké kanthi terapi vitamin K.
Mungkin gejala mundur ing bayi sing lair saka wanita sing nampa barbiturat sajrone trimester pungkasan meteng. Neonatus prematur utamané rentan marang efek depresan saka barbiturat.
PorfiriaPotensi exacerbation saka porfiria intermiten akut utawa porfiria variegata. (Deleng Kontraindikasi ing Cautions.)
Prilaku Komplek sing Gegandhengan karo TuruPotensi risiko prilaku sing gegandhengan karo turu sing rumit kayata nyopir turu (yaiku, nyopir nalika ora tangi sawise ngonsumsi obat hipnotik sedative, tanpa memori acara kasebut), nelpon, utawa nyiyapake lan mangan panganan, nalika turu.
Reaksi Sensitivitas
Potensi risiko anafilaksis lan angioedema; bisa kedadean ing awal nalika dosis pisanan tamba.
Efek Dermatologis lan Reaksi HipersensitivitasDermatitis exfoliative (contone, sindrom Stevens-Johnson), kadhangkala fatal, kacarita arang. Amarga erupsi kulit bisa ndhisiki reaksi sing bisa nyebabake fatal, mandhegake pentobarbital yen ana reaksi dermatologis.
Panjaga-jaga Umum
Injeksi Intra-arteriInjeksi intra-arteri sing ora sengaja bisa nyebabake reaksi lokal sing beda-beda saka keruwetan saka nyeri sementara nganti gangren. Injeksi ekstravaskular sing ora sengaja bisa nyebabake karusakan jaringan lokal lan nyebabake nekrosis.
Mungkasi injeksi yen pasien ngeluh lara ing anggota awak.
Bunuh diriGunakake kanthi ati-ati, yen kabeh, ing pasien depresi utawa cenderung bunuh diri.
Penyakit sing bebarenganGunakake parenteral kanthi ati-ati ing pasien hipertensi, hipotensi, penyakit paru-paru utawa jantung, utawa kejut.
Populasi Spesifik
KandhutanKategori D. (Deleng Morbiditas Janin/Neonatal miturut Ati-ati.)
LaktasiDistribusi menyang susu; nggunakake kanthi ati-ati.
Panggunaan PediatrikPenggunaan anestesi umum lan obat sedasi sing bola-bali utawa suwe, kalebu pentobarbital, ing bocah-bocah <3 taun utawa ing trimester katelu ngandhut bisa nyebabake perkembangan saraf. Ing kewan, gunakake luwih saka 3 jam obat anestesi lan sedasi sing ngalangi reseptor N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) lan / utawa potentiate aktivitas GABA ndadékaké apoptosis neuronal nyebar ing otak lan defisit jangka panjang ing kognisi lan prilaku. ; relevansi klinis kanggo manungsa ora dingerteni.
Sawetara bukti nuduhake defisit sing padha bisa kedadeyan ing bocah-bocah sawise paparan anestesi bola-bali utawa suwe ing awal umur. Sawetara bukti uga nuduhake yen paparan anestesi umum sing relatif singkat ing bocah-bocah sing sehat umume ora bisa nyebabake defisit sing bisa dideteksi sacara klinis ing fungsi kognitif global utawa kelainan prilaku sing serius. Umume pasinaon nganti saiki duwe watesan sing signifikan; riset luwih perlu kanggo nemtokake efek kanthi lengkap, utamane kanggo eksposur sing dawa utawa bola-bali lan ing populasi sing luwih rawan (contone, bocah sing kurang sehat).
Pikir keuntungan lan risiko potensial nalika nemtokake wektu prosedur pilihan sing mbutuhake anestesi. FDA nyatakake yen prosedur medis sing dibutuhake ora kudu ditundha utawa dihindari. (Deleng Saran kanggo Pasien.)
Panggunaan GeriatrikMungkin tambah sensitivitas kanggo barbiturat. Pasien geriatrik bisa uga kerep nanggepi barbiturat kanthi bungah, bingung, utawa depresi.
Patients DebilitatedBisa tambah sensitivitas kanggo barbiturat. Pasien sing cacat bisa uga kerep nanggepi barbiturat kanthi rasa bungah, bingung, utawa depresi.
Gangguan HepatikGunakake kanthi ati-ati; ora bisa digunakake ing pasien kanthi gangguan hepatik sing nyata, kalebu pasien kanthi pratandha koma hepatik sadurunge.
Efek Sabar sing Umum
Sisa sedasi, ngantuk, lesu, vertigo, mual, muntah, sirah.
Apa obatan liyane bakal mengaruhi Pentobarbital
Dimetabolisme dening enzim microsomal hepatic. Ngindhuksi enzim mikrosomal hepatik.
Obat Spesifik
Obat
Interaksi
Komentar
Antikoagulan, oral (contone. , warfarin)
Konsentrasi warfarin plasma bisa mudhun
Setel dosis antikoagulan yen perlu, utamane nalika wiwitan utawa mandheg saka pentobarbital
depresan CNS (contone, sedatif, hipnotik). , antihistamin, penenang, alkohol)
Kemungkinan efek depresan aditif
Kontrasepsi, oral
Bisa nambah metabolisme komponen estrogenik lan progestin; potensial kanggo nyuda efektifitas kontrasepsi oral lan nambah risiko meteng kanthi pretreatment pentobarbital utawa terapi bebarengan
Pirsani cara alternatif kontrasepsi
Kortikosteroid
Mungkin metabolisme kortikosteroid meningkat
p>Panyesuaian dosis kortikosteroid bisa uga dibutuhake; ngawasi kanthi rapet pasien (utamane asma) sing nampa kortikosteroid nalika pentobarbital diwiwiti
Doxycycline
Mungkin nyuda setengah umur doksisiklin; efek bisa tahan nganti 2 minggu sawise mandegake pentobarbital
Yen bisa, supaya administrasi concomitant; yen diwenehake bebarengan, monitor respon klinis kanggo doxycycline
Griseofulvin
Bisa nyuda penyerapan griseofulvin, nyebabake konsentrasi getih mudhun
Ngindhari administrasi bebarengan; yen terapi bebarengan perlu, administrasi griseofulvin ing 3 dosis dibagi saben dina bisa nambah panyerepan
Ngawasi konsentrasi griseofulvin getih lan nambah dosis, yen perlu
Inhibitor MAO
Kemungkinan efek pentobarbital sing luwih dawa
Panyesuaian dosis pentobarbital bisa uga dibutuhake
Fenitoin
Tambah, suda, utawa ora ana owah-owahan ing konsentrasi fenitoin plasma sing dilaporake
Ngawasi konsentrasi plasma fenitoin lan pentobarbital; nyetel dosis yen perlu
Asam valproat
Konsentrasi pentobarbital plasma bisa tambah
Pantau konsentrasi pentobarbital plasma lan atur dosis yen perlu
Disclaimer
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Ora ana bebaya kanggo kombinasi obat utawa obat sing diwenehake kanthi cara apa wae kudu ditafsirake kanggo nuduhake yen obat utawa kombinasi obat kasebut aman, efektif utawa cocok kanggo pasien tartamtu. Drugslib.com ora nanggung tanggung jawab kanggo aspek kesehatan apa wae sing ditindakake kanthi bantuan informasi sing diwenehake Drugslib.com. Informasi sing ana ing kene ora dimaksudake kanggo nyakup kabeh panggunaan, pituduh, pancegahan, bebaya, interaksi obat, reaksi alergi, utawa efek samping. Yen sampeyan duwe pitakon babagan obat sing sampeyan gunakake, takon dhokter, perawat utawa apoteker.
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