Sodium Nitrite
Kelas obat: Agen Antineoplastik
Panganggone Sodium Nitrite
Keracunan Sianida Akut
Injeksi natrium nitrit dituduhake kanggo panggunaan sekuensial karo sodium thiosulfate kanggo perawatan keracunan sianida akut sing dianggep serius utawa ngancam nyawa.
Yen kecurigaan klinis saka keracunan sianida dhuwur, ngatur sodium nitrite lan sodium thiosulfate tanpa wektu tundha lan magepokan karo saluran napas, ventilasi, lan dhukungan sirkulasi. Sodium nitrite nyebabake hipotensi lan pembentukan methemoglobin, sing nyuda kapasitas mbeta oksigen. Amarga risiko kasebut, sodium nitrite lan sodium thiosulfate kudu digunakake kanthi ati-ati ing pasien sing diagnosis keracunan sianida ora mesthi.
Pengobatan lengkap kanggo mabuk sianida akut mbutuhake dhukungan saka fungsi vital. Administrasi sodium nitrite lan sodium thiosulfate kudu dianggep minangka tambahan kanggo terapi dhukungan sing cocog. Airway, ventilasi lan dhukungan sirkulasi, lan administrasi oksigen ora kudu ditundha kanggo ngatur sodium nitrite lan sodium thiosulfate. Saran pakar pusat kontrol racun regional bisa dipikolehi kanthi nelpon 1-800-222-1222.
Data manungsa sing ndhukung panggunaan sodium thiosulfate lan sodium nitrite kanggo keracunan sianida utamane kalebu laporan kasus sing diterbitake. . Ora ana uji klinis sing dikontrol kanthi acak. Saklawasé kabeh data manungsa sing njlèntrèhaké panggunaan sodium thiosulfate laporan nggunakake magepokan karo sodium nitrite. Rekomendasi dosis kanggo manungsa wis adhedhasar kalkulasi teoretis babagan potensial detoksifikasi antidote, ekstrapolasi saka eksperimen kewan, lan sawetara laporan cilik manungsa.
Ora ana studi manungsa kanggo ngevaluasi kanthi prospektif lan sistematis babagan safety saka sodium thiosulfate utawa sodium nitrite ing manungsa. Informasi safety manungsa sing kasedhiya adhedhasar laporan kasus anekdot lan seri kasus sing ora ana ruang lingkup winates.
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Carane nggunakake Sodium Nitrite
Umum
Sodium nitrite kasedhiya ing wangun dosis lan kekuatan:
Injeksi: 300 mg/10 mL (30 mg/mL) ing vial dosis siji; uga kasedhiya ing kit karo injeksi sodium thiosulfate 12,5 g/50 mL (250 mg/mL) ing vial dosis siji kanggo perawatan keracunan sianida.
Dosis
Penting panyuwunan label pabrikan kanggo informasi sing luwih rinci babagan dosis lan administrasi obat iki. Ringkesan dosis:
Pasien Anak
Dosis lan AdministrasiSodium nitrite lan sodium thiosulfate kudu diwènèhaké sedini mungkin sawise diagnosa keracunan sianida akut sing ngancam nyawa wis dideteksi. ditetepake. Loro-lorone obat kasebut diwenehake kanthi injeksi IV alon. Sodium nitrite kudu diwènèhaké dhisik, banjur langsung nganggo sodium thiosulfate. (Waca Tabel 1 kanggo rekomendasi dosis.) Tekanan getih kudu dipantau sajrone infus. Tingkat infus kudu dikurangi yen ana hipotensi sing signifikan.
Tabel 1: Dosis Sodium Nitrite lan Sodium Thiosulfate kanggo Keracunan Sianida ing Pasien Anak1Populasi
Rejimen Dosis
Bocah
Natrium nitrit: 0,2 mL/kg (6 mg/kg utawa 6-8 mL/m2 BSA) natrium nitrit kanthi laju 2,5 nganti 5 mL /menit ora ngluwihi 10 mL
Sodium thiosulfate (250 mg/mL): 1 mL/kg bobot awak (250 mg/kg utawa kira-kira 30-40 mL/m2 saka BSA) ora ngluwihi dosis total 50 mL sanalika sawise administrasi natrium nitrit
Yen tandha-tandha keracunan katon maneh, baleni perawatan kanthi nggunakake setengah dosis asli saka sodium nitrite lan sodium thiosulfate.
Ing pasien anemia sing dikenal, dianjurake supaya dosis natrium nitrit kudu dikurangi kanthi proporsi karo konsentrasi hemoglobin.
Pasien kudu dipantau paling sethithik 24-48 jam sawise administrasi natrium tiosulfat kanggo kecukupan oksigenasi lan perfusi lan kanggo tandha-tandha lan gejala keracunan sianida sing terus-terusan. Yen bisa, entuk hemoglobin / hematokrit nalika perawatan diwiwiti. Pangukuran saturasi oksigen nggunakake oksimetri pulsa standar lan nilai saturasi oksigen sing diwilang adhedhasar PO2 sing diukur ora bisa dipercaya yen ana methemoglobinemia.
Keslametan administrasi antidot sianida liyane bebarengan karo natrium nitrit durung ditetepake. Yen ana keputusan kanggo menehi antidote sianida liyane kanthi natrium nitrit, obat kasebut ora kudu diwenehake bebarengan ing baris IV sing padha.
Dewasa
Dosis lan AdministrasiNatrium nitrit lan sodium thiosulfate kudu diwènèhaké sakcepete sawise diagnosa keracunan sianida akut sing ngancam nyawa wis ditetepake. Loro-lorone obat kasebut diwenehake kanthi injeksi IV alon. Sodium nitrite kudu diwènèhaké dhisik, banjur langsung nganggo sodium thiosulfate. (Waca Tabel 2 kanggo rekomendasi dosis.) Tekanan getih kudu dipantau sajrone infus. Tingkat infus kudu dikurangi yen ana hipotensi sing signifikan.
Tabel 2: Dosis Sodium Nitrite lan Sodium Thiosulfate kanggo Keracunan Sianida ing Wong DewasaPopulasi
Dewasa
Natrium nitrit: 10 mL natrium nitrit kanthi laju 2,5 nganti 5 mL/menit
Natrium tiosulfat (250 mg/mL): 50 mL sodium thiosulfate sanalika sawise administrasi sodium nitrite
Yen tandha-tandha keracunan katon maneh, baleni perawatan nggunakake setengah dosis asli saka sodium nitrite lan sodium thiosulfate.
Ing pasien karo anemia sing dikenal, dianjurake yen dosis natrium nitrit kudu dikurangi kanthi proporsional karo konsentrasi hemoglobin.
Pasien kudu dipantau paling sethithik 24-48 jam sawise administrasi sodium thiosulfate kanggo kecukupan oksigenasi lan perfusi lan kanggo tandha-tandha lan gejala keracunan sianida sing terus-terusan. Yen bisa, entuk hemoglobin / hematokrit nalika perawatan diwiwiti. Pangukuran saturasi oksigen nggunakake oksimetri pulsa standar lan nilai saturasi oksigen sing diwilang adhedhasar PO2 sing diukur ora bisa dipercaya yen ana methemoglobinemia.
Keslametan administrasi antidot sianida liyane bebarengan karo natrium nitrit durung ditetepake. Yen ana keputusan kanggo menehi antidote sianida liyane kanthi natrium nitrit, obat-obatan kasebut ora kudu diwenehake bebarengan ing jalur IV sing padha.
Pènget
Kontraindikasi
Pènget/PanandhapHipotensi
Natrium nitrit wis digandhengake karo hipotensi abot, methemoglobinemia, lan pati ing dosis kurang saka kaping pindho dosis terapi sing disaranake. Hipotensi bisa kedadeyan bebarengan utawa kanthi kapisah. Sodium nitrite kudu digunakake kanggo nambani keracunan sianida sing ngancam nyawa. Nalika diagnosis keracunan sianida ora mesthi lan / utawa pasien ora ekstrem, perhatian khusus kudu diwenehake kanggo administrasi natrium nitrit yen pasien kasebut dikenal utawa dicurigai nyuda cadangan oksigen utawa kardiovaskular (umpamane, korban inhalasi asap, pre -anemia sing ana, mundhut getih sing akeh, gangguan jantung utawa ambegan) utawa duwe risiko luwih dhuwur ngalami methemoglobinemia (contone, kekurangan methemoglobin reduktase kongenital).
Methemoglobinemia
Perawatan sing ndhukung mung bisa dadi perawatan sing cukup tanpa administrasi antidotes kanggo akeh kasus mabuk sianida, utamane ing pasien sing sadar tanpa tanda-tanda keracunan abot. Ngawasi pasien kanthi rapet kanggo njamin perfusi lan oksigenasi sing nyukupi sajrone perawatan karo natrium nitrit. Ngawasi tingkat methemoglobin lan ngatur oksigen sajrone perawatan karo sodium nitrite yen bisa. Nalika natrium nitrit diwenehake marang manungsa, macem-macem konsentrasi methemoglobin dumadi. Konsentrasi methemoglobin nganti 58% wis dilaporake sawise rong dosis natrium nitrit 300 mg diwenehake kanggo wong diwasa. Sodium nitrite kudu digunakake kanthi ati-ati yen ana obat liya sing bisa nyebabake methemoglobinemia kayata procaine lan nitroprusside. Sodium nitrite kudu digunakake kanthi ati-ati ing pasien sing bisa uga rawan ciloko saka vasodilasi lan akibat hemodinamik sing gegandhengan. Hemodinamik kudu dipantau kanthi rapet sajrone lan sawise administrasi natrium nitrit, lan tingkat infus kudu kalem yen ana hipotensi.
Anemia
Gunakake sodium nitrit kanthi ati-ati ing pasien sing duwe anemia sing dikenal. Pasien anemia bakal mbentuk luwih akeh methemoglobin (minangka persentase saka total hemoglobin) tinimbang wong kanthi volume sel getih abang normal (RBC). Kanthi optimal, pasien kasebut kudu nampa dosis natrium nitrit sing dikurangi miturut proporsi kapasitas nggawa oksigen.
Cedera Inhalasi Kumelun
Gunakake natrium nitrit kanthi ati-ati ing wong sing nandhang lara inhalasi asap utawa keracunan karbon monoksida amarga ana potensial kanggo nambah hipoksia amarga pembentukan methemoglobin.
Neonatus lan Bayi
Neonatus lan bayi bisa uga luwih rentan tinimbang wong diwasa lan pasien pediatrik sing luwih tuwa kanggo methemoglobinemia abot nalika natrium nitrit diwenehake. Tindakake pedoman dosis suda ing pasien pediatrik.
Kekurangan G6PD
Amarga pasien sing kurang G6PD duwe risiko tambah krisis hemolitik kanthi administrasi natrium nitrit, nimbang pendekatan terapi alternatif ing pasien kasebut. Ngawasi pasien kanthi kekurangan G6PD sing dikenal utawa dicurigai kanggo penurunan hematokrit akut. Transfusi ijol-ijolan bisa uga dibutuhake kanggo pasien kekurangan G6PD sing nampa natrium nitrit.
Gunakake karo Obat Liyane
Gunakake sodium nitrite kanthi ati-ati yen ana obat antihipertensi bebarengan, diuretik utawa nyuda volume amarga diuretik, utawa obat sing dikenal bisa nambah oksida nitrat vaskular, kayata inhibitor PDE5.
Populasi Tertentu
KandhutanSianida gampang ngliwati plasenta. Keracunan sianida minangka darurat medis nalika meteng, sing bisa nyebabake fatal kanggo wanita ngandhut lan janin yen ora ditangani. Perawatan kanggo keracunan sianida ora kudu ditahan amarga ana keprihatinan babagan efek natrium nitrit ing janin. Mulane, yen wanita ngandhut wis ngerti utawa curiga keracunan sianida, natrium nitrit kanggo panggunaan berurutan karo sodium thiosulfate dianjurake. Ora ana data sing kasedhiya babagan panggunaan natrium nitrit ing wanita ngandhut kanggo nemtokake risiko sing ana gandhengane karo obat kanggo cacat lair utama, keguguran, utawa asil ibu utawa janin sing ala. Sianida gampang ngliwati plasenta.
Ora ana studi toksikologi IV ing kewan kanggo ngevaluasi efek natrium nitrit ing perkembangan embriofetal. Ing studi kewan sing diterbitake, kematian janin dilapurake nalika babi marmut sing ngandhut diwenehi sodium nitrit subkutan ing 1,7 kaping dosis manungsa maksimum sing disaranake (MRHD) saka 450 mg sodium nitrite nalika konsentrasi methemoglobin ibu lan janin ing puncak. Ing studi liyane sing diterbitake, ora ana bukti malformasi sing dilapurake ing marmut, tikus, utawa tikus; nanging, anemia abot, wutah suda, lan tambah kematian pup kacarita nalika tikus ngandhut diobati kanthi 4,7 kaping MRHD sodium nitrite liwat banyu ngombe nalika ngandhut lan sajrone laktasi.
Natrium nitrit ngasilake methemoglobin. Hemoglobin janin dioksidasi dadi methemoglobin luwih gampang tinimbang hemoglobin diwasa. Kajaba iku, janin duwe tingkat methemoglobin reduktase sing luwih murah tinimbang wong diwasa. Adhedhasar panaliten kewan, paparan natrium nitrit pranatal nyebabake pangembangan saraf sing ora bisa ditindakake minangka akibat saka hipoksia prenatal. Yen kasedhiya, nimbang terapi alternatif sing ora dingerteni ana hubungane karo methemoglobinemia.
LaktasiOra ana data babagan anané sodium nitrite ing susu manungsa utawa kewan, efek ing bayi sing disusui, utawa efek ing susu. produksi. Sianida ana ing susu manungsa. Amarga potensial reaksi salabetipun serius ing bayi sing nyusoni, nyusoni ora dianjurake sajrone perawatan karo sodium nitrite. Ora ana data kanggo nemtokake kapan nyusoni bisa diwiwiti maneh kanthi aman sawise administrasi sodium nitrite.
Panggunaan PediatrikAna laporan kasus ing literatur medis sodium nitrite bebarengan karo sodium thiosulfate sing diwenehake kanggo pasien pediatrik kanthi keracunan sianida; Nanging, durung ana studi klinis kanggo ngevaluasi safety utawa khasiat sodium nitrite ing populasi pediatrik. Kanggo pasien diwasa, rekomendasi dosis kanggo pasien pediatrik wis adhedhasar kalkulasi teoretis babagan potensial detoksifikasi antidote, ekstrapolasi saka eksperimen kewan, lan sawetara laporan kasus manungsa. Sodium nitrite kudu digunakake kanthi ati-ati ing pasien sing umure kurang saka 6 sasi amarga bisa uga duwe risiko ngalami methemoglobinemia abot dibandhingake karo bocah lan wong diwasa. Anane hemoglobin janin, sing dioksidasi dadi methemoglobin luwih gampang tinimbang hemoglobin diwasa, lan tingkat reduktase methemoglobin sing luwih murah tinimbang bocah lan wong diwasa bisa nyebabake risiko. Mortalitas sing disebabake natrium nitrit dilapurake sawise administrasi dosis diwasa (300 mg IV banjur dosis kaping pindho 150 mg) kanggo bocah umur 17 sasi.
Panggunaan GeriatrikNatrium nitrit dikenal sacara substansial. diekskresi dening ginjel, lan risiko reaksi salabetipun kanggo obat iki bisa uga luwih gedhe ing pasien sing duwe fungsi ginjel cacat. Amarga pasien tuwa luwih cenderung ngalami penurunan fungsi ginjel, mula kudu dipilih kanthi ati-ati nalika milih dosis, lan bisa uga migunani kanggo ngawasi fungsi ginjel.
Gagal GinjalNatrium nitrit dikenal sacara substansial diekskresi dening ginjel. , lan risiko reaksi beracun kanggo obat iki bisa uga luwih gedhe ing pasien sing duwe fungsi ginjel cacat. Amarga pasien tuwa luwih cenderung ngalami penurunan fungsi ginjel, mula kudu ati-ati nalika milih dosis, lan bisa uga migunani kanggo ngawasi fungsi ginjel.
Efek salabetipun sing umum
Reaksi salabetipun sing paling umum yaiku sinkop, hipotensi, takikardia, palpitasi, disritmia, methemoglobinemia, sirah, pusing, penglihatan kabur, kejang, kebingungan, lan koma.
Apa obatan liyane bakal mengaruhi Sodium Nitrite
Obat Spesifik
Studi interaksi obat formal durung ditindakake kanthi injeksi natrium nitrit.
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