Vitamin B12
Jeneng merek: Nascobal
Kelas obat:
Agen Antineoplastik
Panganggone Vitamin B12
Kekurangan Vitamin B12
Nambani anemia pernisiosa lan kahanan kekurangan vitamin B12 liyane.
Sianocobalamin parenteral utawa hydroxocobalamin: Perawatan kekurangan vitamin B12 amarga sekresi faktor intrinsik (IF) sing ora nyukupi; gangguan panyerepan usus; utawa kurang diet sing digandhengake karo diet vegetarian.
Syanokobalamin dianggep minangka persiapan vitamin B12 parenteral pilihan; hydroxocobalamin bisa uga luwih disenengi kanggo perawatan awal.
Cyanocobalamin nasal spray: Digunakake kanggo njaga status hematologi ing wong diwasa kanthi anemia pernisiosa tanpa keterlibatan sistem saraf sing wis nanggapi terapi vitamin B 12 parenteral. Uga digunakake minangka tambahan kanggo kekurangan vitamin B12 amarga kurang diet, penyerapan gangguan, sekresi IF ora nyukupi, utawa kondisi tartamtu liyane.
Persyaratan Diet
Asupan sing nyukupi sing dibutuhake kanggo nyegah kekurangan vitamin B12 lan komplikasi neurologis sing ana gandhengane karo kekurangan vitamin B12.
Asupan vitamin B12 sing cukup biasane bisa ditindakake liwat konsumsi bahan pangan; Nanging, kira-kira 10-30% wong geriatri ora bisa nyerep vitamin B12 sing alami lan kudu ngonsumsi panganan utawa suplemen sing diperkaya vitamin B12. Asupan sing ora nyukupi bisa kedadeyan ing vegetarian lan bayi sing disusu. Panganan campuran sing bahan utama yaiku daging, iwak, utawa unggas; susu; lan sereal siap mangan sing diperkaya minangka sumber utama vitamin B12 ing diet wong diwasa lan bocah AS.
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) ing wong diwasa adhedhasar jumlah sing dibutuhake kanggo njaga status hematologi lan serum normal. konsentrasi vitamin B12.
Asupan sing nyukupi (AI) sing ditetepake kanggo bayi umur ≤6 sasi adhedhasar rata-rata asupan vitamin B12 sing diamati saka bayi sing diwenehi susu utamane; AI kanggo bayi umur 7–12 sasi adhedhasar AI kanggo bayi sing luwih enom lan data ing wong diwasa.
RDA kanggo bocah umur 1-18 taun adhedhasar data ing wong diwasa.
Gangguan Metabolik
Sianocobalamin parenteral: Manajemen kekurangan turun temurun saka transcobalamin II.
Tes Schilling
Sianocobalamin parenteral lan hydroxocobalamin: Digunakake bebarengan karo cyanocobalamin Co 57 ing tes Schilling kanggo nyinaoni penyerapan vitamin B12.
Keracunan Sianida
Hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit): Perawatan saka keracunan sianida sing dikenal utawa dicurigai. Digunakake bebarengan karo dhukungan saluran napas lan kardiovaskular lan manajemen aktivitas kejang.
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Carane nggunakake Vitamin B12
Administrasi
Sianocobalamin diwenehake kanthi lisan, intranasal, utawa injeksi IM utawa sub-Q jero.
Hydroxocobalamin diwenehake kanthi injeksi IM utawa infus IV.
Administrasi Oral
Terapi oral luwih murah tinimbang terapi parenteral. Bisa digunakake kanggo perawatan kekurangan vitamin B12 diet ing pasien kanthi panyerepan GI normal.
Administrasi Parenteral
Cyanocobalamin: Diwenehake kanthi IM utawa injeksi sub-Q jero. Yen diwenehake sub-Q, aja injeksi menyang dermis utawa jaringan subkutan ndhuwur. Nyegah administrasi IV; vitamin diekskresi kanthi cepet ing urin nalika diwenehake IV.
Hydroxocobalamin: Diwenehi kanthi injeksi IM (kekurangan vitamin) utawa kanthi infus IV (keracunan sianida). Aja menehi IV kanggo kekurangan vitamin.
Kanggo informasi kompatibilitas obat, deleng Kompatibilitas ing Stabilitas.
IV Administration for Cyanide Poisoning
Hydroxocobalamin: (Cyanokit); Diwenehi kanthi infus IV.
Bisa mbutuhake jalur IV khusus. Administrasi liwat jalur IV sing padha karo produk getih ora dianjurake.
ReconstitutionReconstitute vial ngemot 2,5 g hydroxocobalamin karo 100 ml injeksi natrium klorida 0,9%; walik utawa watu vial paling sethithik 30 detik. Aja goyangake vial. Injeksi Ringer Laktat utawa injeksi dextrose 5% bisa digunakake yen injeksi natrium klorida 0,9% ora kasedhiya. Solusi reconstituted ngandhut 25 mg/mL.
Tingkat AdministrasiDosis 5-g wiwitan: 15 menit.
Dosis 5-g kapindho: 15 menit (kanggo pasien ing extremis) nganti 2 jam; tingkat gumantung saka kondisi pasien.
Administrasi Intranasal
Administrasi intranasal nggunakake pompa dosis meter. Diwenehi 1 jam sadurunge utawa 1 jam sawise mangan panganan panas utawa cairan.
Sadurunge administrasi intranasal, ngresiki saluran irung. Lebokake adaptor irung 1 cm menyang siji bolongan irung, arahake ujung adaptor menyang mburi irung, tutup bolongan irung liyane, lan miringake sirah rada maju, pompa obat kasebut menyang bolongan irung, adus alon-alon sajrone lan sanalika sawise dosis, bali sirah menyang posisi mujur, copot unit pompa saka irung.
Khasiat durung ditetepake ing pasien sing nasal kongesti, rhinitis alergi, utawa infeksi saluran napas ndhuwur; nundha panggunaan nganti gejala kasebut suda.
Masang pompa sadurunge saben nggunakake.
Dosis
Kekurangan Vitamin B 12: Suwene terapi gumantung saka sababe; terapi jangka panjang ora dibutuhake yen langkah-langkah terapeutik liyane mbenerake panyebab saka kekurangan kasebut.
Pompa dosis meter cyanocobalamin ngirimake 500 mcg obat (0,1 mL) saben aktuasi.
Pasien Anak
Kekurangan Vitamin B 12 IMHydroxocobalamin: Kaping pisanan, dosis tunggal 100 mcg kanggo total dosis 1-5 mg sing diwenehake sajrone ≥2 minggu.
Hydroxocobalamin: Maintenance, 30- 50 mcg saben 4 minggu.
Persyaratan Diet lan Panggantos OralBayi sing lair saka ibu vegan: Suplemen AI wiwit lair amarga toko vitamin B12 bayi iki kurang lan susu ibune bisa nyedhiyakake jumlah vitamin sing sithik banget. .
Bayi ≤6 sasi: Rekomendasi AI yaiku 0,4 mcg (0,06 mcg/kg) saben dina.
Bayi 7–12 sasi: Rekomendasi AI yaiku 0,5 mcg (0,06 mcg/kg) saben dina .
Bocah 1–3 taun: RDA 0,9 mcg saben dina.
Bocah 4–8 taun: RDA 1,2 mcg saben dina.
Anak 9–13 taun: RDA 1,8 mcg saben dina.
Bocah 14-18 taun: RDA 2,4 mcg saben dina.
RDA ora bakal nyukupi kabutuhan individu sing duwe sindrom malabsorpsi.
Keracunan Sianida† [off-label] IVHydroxocobalamin: 70 mg/kg wis digunakake.
Dewasa
Vitamin B 12 Kekurangan IM utawa Sub-QSianocobalamin: Kaping pisanan, 100 mcg saben dina kanggo 6-7 dina. Yen manifestasi klinis nambah lan respon retikulosit diamati, gunakake 100 mcg saben dina kanggo 7 dosis lan banjur 100 mcg saben 3-4 dina kanggo 2-3 minggu.
Cyanocobalamin: Maintenance, 100 mcg saben sasi.
IMHydroxocobalamin: Kaping pisanan, 30 mcg saben dina kanggo 5-10 dina.
Hydroxocobalamin: Maintenance, 100-200 mcg saben sasi.
IntranasalMaintenance, 500 mcg (siji aktuasi) sapisan saben minggu. Tambah dosis ing pasien sing ngalami penurunan konsentrasi vitamin B12 serum sawise terapi 1 sasi.
Keperluan Diet lan Panggantos OralPria lan wanita ≥19 taun: RDA yaiku 2,4 mcg saben dina.
Wong diwasa ≥51 taun kudu njupuk sebagian besar vitamin B12 saka panganan sing diperkaya utawa suplemen vitamin B12.
RDA ora bakal nyukupi kabutuhan individu sing nandhang sindrom malabsorpsi.
Sianida Keracunan IVHydroxocobalamin: Kaping pisanan, 5 g (loro vial 2,5-g). Dosis 5-g kapindho bisa diwenehake, adhedhasar keruwetan keracunan lan respon klinis.
Tes Schilling IM utawa Sub-QSianocobalamin: Dosis flushing yaiku 1000 mcg.
IMHydroxocobalamin: Dosis siram yaiku 1000 mcg.
Populasi Khusus
Wanita NgandhutRDA kanggo wanita ngandhut yaiku 2,6 mcg saben dina.
Wanita NyusoniRDA kanggo wanita lactating yaiku 2,8 mcg saben dina.
Persyaratan tambah ing wanita lactating kanggo njamin konsentrasi vitamin sing cukup ing susu.
Pènget
Kontraindikasi
Pènget/PanandhapPènget
Hipokalemia
Hipokalemia fatal sing dilapurake ing pasien sing diobati kanthi intensif kanthi anemia megaloblastik. Ngawasi konsentrasi kalium serum sajrone terapi awal vitamin B12 lan ngatur kalium yen perlu.
Polisitemia VeraKekurangan Vitamin B12 bisa nyuda pratandha saka polisitemia vera; perawatan bisa mbukak topeng kondisi iki.
Efek OkularAja nggunakake ing pasien karo penyakit Leber awal (atrofi saraf optik herediter); atrofi saraf optik sing cepet lan abot kacarita.
Reaksi Sensitivitas
Reaksi SensitivitasAnafilaksis dilapurake kanthi preparat parenteral.
Hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit): Ruam, utamané acneiform, dilapurake ing 20 utawa 44% saka individu sing nampa dosis 5- utawa 10-g, masing-masing.
Tes KulitAtur tes intradermal dosis sadurunge administrasi vitamin B12 kanggo kekurangan vitamin ing pasien sing bisa uga sensitif cobalamin.
Panegahan Umum
Pemantauan LaboratoriumEntuk hematokrit, jumlah retikulosit, vitamin B12, folat, lan tingkat wesi sadurunge perawatan kanggo kekurangan vitamin B12. Ngawasi paramèter hematologis yen perlu sajrone terapi.
AluminiumSawetara preparat injeksi cyanocobalamin ngemot aluminium, sing bisa dadi beracun. Aluminium bisa tekan tingkat beracun kanthi administrasi parenteral sing dawa yen fungsi ginjel cacat. Neonatus prematur utamane beresiko amarga ginjel durung diwasa, lan mbutuhake solusi kalsium lan fosfat sing akeh, sing ngemot aluminium.
Riset nuduhake yen pasien sing duwe fungsi ginjel cacat, kalebu neonatus prematur, sing nampa parenteral. tingkat aluminium> 4-5 mcg / kg saben dina nglumpukake aluminium ing tingkat sing ana hubungane karo CNS lan keracunan balung. Muatan jaringan bisa uga ana ing tingkat administrasi sing luwih murah.
Benzyl Alkohol ing NeonatusInjeksi Cyanocobalamin bisa ngemot benzyl alkohol minangka pengawet; alkohol benzyl wis digandhengake karo keracunan ing neonatus. (Deleng Pancegahan Pediatrik.)
Tekanan DarahPeningkatan transien ing BP dilapurake ing individu sing nampa hidrokokobalamin IV.
Anemia sing ora didiagnosaNgati-ati banget yen asam folat diwenehake kanggo pasien sing ora didiagnosis anemia; bisa nyamar diagnosis anemia pernisiosa kanthi nyuda manifestasi hematologi saka penyakit kasebut nalika ngidini komplikasi neurologis maju.
Efek RenalKristal oksalat sing diamati ing urin wong sing sehat lan korban keracunan sianida sawise administrasi hydroxocobalamin.
p>Populasi Spesifik
KandhutanKategori C.
LaktasiDistribusi menyang susu manungsa.
Hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit): Disaranake ati-ati; ora ana data sing kasedhiya kanggo nemtokake kapan nyusoni bisa diwiwiti maneh sawise administrasi hydroxocobalamin IV.
Panggunaan PediatrikHydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit): Keamanan lan khasiat ora ditetepake.
Cyanocobalamin: Benzyl Alcohol has wis digandhengake karo keracunan ("gasping syndrome") ing neonates; saben mL injeksi cyanocobalamin (contone, persiapan sing diprodhuksi dening Abraxis) ngemot 15 mg alkohol benzyl.
Panggunaan GeriatrikHydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit): Ora ana bedane sing signifikan ing safety lan khasiat relatif marang wong diwasa sing luwih enom. Penyesuaian dosis ora dibutuhake.
Gangguan HepatikHydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit): Keamanan lan khasiat ora diteliti ing pasien sing duwe gangguan hepatik.
Gagal ginjelHydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit): Keamanan lan khasiat ora diteliti ing pasien kanthi gangguan ginjel. Hydroxocobalamin lan cyanocobalamin diekskripsikake ora owah ing urin.
Efek Samsaya Awon
Biasane ora beracun sanajan ing dosis gedhe; diare transien ringan, trombosis vaskular perifer, gatal, eksantema transitori, urtikaria, pembengkakan badan kacarita ing pasien sing nampa preparat parenteral.
Apa obatan liyane bakal mengaruhi Vitamin B12
Colchicine, asam aminosalicylic lan uyah, lan intake alkohol sing berlebihan nganti >2 minggu bisa nyuda penyerapan vitamin B12 saka saluran GI.
Obat Spesifik lan Tes Laboratorium
Obat
Interaksi
Komentar
Asam askorbat
Bisa ngrusak jumlah vitamin B12 sing akeh banget
Pertimbangake yen dosis asam askorbat sing akeh dicerna sajrone 1 jam administrasi vitamin B12 oral
Kloramfenikol
Bisa antagonize respon hematopoietik kanggo vitamin B12 ing pasien sing kurang vitamin
Monitor; nimbang alternatif anti-infèksi
Antidot sianida
Keamanan nggunakake bebarengan hydroxocobalamin karo antidot sianida liyane sing durung ditetepake
Ati-ati (Deleng Parenteral ing Stabilitas lan Administrasi IV miturut Dosis lan Administrasi)
Parameter laboratorium sing ditemtokake kanthi metode kolorimetri
Hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit): Werna abang jero ing getih lan/utawa urin bisa ngganggu tes laboratorium tartamtu (contone, kimia klinis, hematologi, koagulasi, parameter urin) p>
Konsultasi label produk kanggo informasi spesifik
Methotrexate
Batal sah tes getih mikrobiologis diagnostik kanggo vitamin B12
Prednison
Tambah panyerepan vitamin B12 lan sekresi IF kacarita ing sawetara pasien anemia pernisiosa
Ora kedadeyan ing pasien kanthi gastrectomy parsial utawa total; penting klinis ora dingerteni
Pyrimethamine
Batal sah tes getih mikrobiologi diagnostik kanggo vitamin B12
Tes kanggo antibodi faktor intrinsik (IF)
Administrasi sadurunge cyanocobalamin bisa nyebabake asil tes positif palsu
Disclaimer
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