Antithrombin III
Brand names: Thrombate III
Drug class:
Antineoplastic Agents , Antineoplastic Agents
Usage of Antithrombin III
Congenital Antithrombin III Deficiency
Short-term replacement therapy for prevention or treatment of thromboembolism in selected patients with congenital antithrombin III deficiency at high risk for thromboembolism (i.e., those undergoing surgical or obstetrical procedures) or those with thromboembolism. Has been designated an orphan drug by FDA for this use.
Confirm congenital antithrombin III deficiency based on clear family history of venous thrombosis and decreased endogenous plasma antithrombin III concentrations; exclude acquired antithrombin III deficiency.
Thromboprophylaxis (e.g., with unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin) throughout pregnancy recommended by the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) and other clinicians in women with congenital antithrombin III deficiency. ACCP and other clinicians recommend discontinuance of heparin or low molecular weight heparin thromboprophylaxis prior to labor followed by postpartum anticoagulation with warfarin. Follow-up replacement therapy with antithrombin III in women with congenital deficiency suggested by some clinicians, initiated prior to or on day of delivery and continued postpartum. Has been used in combination with unfractionated heparin after delivery in such patients.
Management of venous thromboembolism in patients with congenital antithrombin III deficiency generally similar to that in other patients (i.e., conventional anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin, or fondaparinux followed by warfarin). Short-term therapy with antithrombin III suggested by some clinicians when unacceptable risks of bleeding exist with conventional anticoagulation.
Role of antithrombin III as adjunctive therapy to unfractionated heparin in patients with congenital antithrombin III deficiency and thromboembolism not clearly defined. (See Interactions.) Used to overcome unfractionated heparin resistance (e.g., IV heparin dosage >35,000–40,000 units daily required to achieve aPTT ≥1.5 times control value) in such patients. Use of antithrombin III also suggested by some clinicians in patients with severe thrombosis or breakthrough thrombosis despite anticoagulation.
Has been used in a limited number of neonates† [off-label] with congenital antithrombin III deficiency. (See Pediatric Use under Cautions.)
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How to use Antithrombin III
General
Administration
IV Administration
For solution and drug compatibility information, see Compatibility under Stability.
Prior to administration, allow reconstituted solution to warm to room temperature.
Administer by IV infusion over 10–20 minutes.
ReconstitutionPrior to reconstitution, allow manufacturer-supplied diluent to warm to room temperature.
Reconstitute lyophilized powder with diluent provided by manufacturer. Use strict aseptic technique since drug contains no preservative.
Reconstitute single-use vials of lyophilized powder by adding 10 or 20 mL of sterile water for injection without preservatives to vial containing approximately 500 or 1000 units of drug, respectively, using transfer needle provided by manufacturer. Direct stream of diluent at 45-degree angle against side of vial to minimize foaming.
Gently swirl to avoid foam formation and dissolve powder completely.
Withdraw reconstituted solution from vial(s) using filter needle provided by manufacturer. Before administration, remove filter needle and attach injection or butterfly needle.
Rate of AdministrationIndividualize infusion rates based on patient response. Administration of entire dose in 10–20 minutes usually well tolerated.
Dosage
Potency expressed in international units (units) as tested against activity of WHO reference standard. One unit approximately equivalent to amount of antithrombin III (mg) in 1 mL of pooled human plasma from healthy donors. Specific activity of antithrombin III is 6.9–9 units of antithrombin III per mg of protein.
Number of units of antithrombin III indicated on label of each vial.
Use clinical response and laboratory tests to guide dosage calculations. (See Laboratory Monitoring under Cautions.)
Determine preinfusion (baseline) antithrombin III concentration and calculate initial (loading) dosage using following formula:
Initial Dose (units) = (desired antithrombin III concentration − baseline antithrombin III concentration [% of normal] × wt (in kg) ÷ 1.4
Formula based on expected incremental in vivo recovery (increase) of antithrombin III concentrations above baseline values of 1.4% for each unit/kg administered (functional activity).
For example, to increase antithrombin III plasma concentrations to 120% of normal from a baseline antithrombin III plasma concentration of 57% of normal, the total initial dose of antithrombin III for a 70-kg adult would be 3150 units.
Following initial dose, subsequent dose based on recovery (increase) of antithrombin III plasma concentrations resulting from initial dose. Base adjustments of maintenance dosage and/or dosage interval on actual antithrombin III plasma concentrations achieved.
Adults
Antithrombin III Deficiency IV InfusionInitial (loading) dose: Administer appropriate dose to increase plasma antithrombin III concentration to a suggested level of 120% of normal using above formula.
Following initial dose, determine plasma antithrombin III concentrations 20 minutes postinfusion (peak concentration), 12 hours after administration, and before next infusion (trough concentration) to ensure plasma antithrombin III concentrations >80% of normal. If plasma antithrombin III concentration at 12 hours <80% of normal, administer additional antithrombin III (using the same formula used to calculate the initial dose) to achieve plasma concentration >80% of normal.
Maintenance dosage: Determine preinfusion (trough) and peak postinfusion antithrombin III concentrations and administer additional doses of antithrombin III at appropriate intervals (e.g., every 24 hours) until peak and trough concentrations are maintained within therapeutic range (i.e., steady state), generally 80–120% of normal.
In general, approximately 60% of initial loading dose every 24 hours required to maintain steady-state plasma antithrombin III concentrations within 80–120% of normal. (See Laboratory Monitoring under Cautions.)
Continue therapy for 2–8 days following thromboembolism or surgical or obstetric procedure, depending on clinical situation. (See General under Dosage and Administration.)
Special Populations
Increased clearance with certain conditions or concurrent therapy (e.g., hemorrhage, acute thrombosis, surgery, pregnancy, concurrent IV heparin therapy); more frequent administration may be required.
Warnings
Contraindications
Warnings/Precautions
Warnings
Risk of Transmissible Agents in Plasma-derived PreparationsPotential vehicle for transmission of human viruses (e.g., hepatitis C virus [HCV], hepatitis B virus [HBV], HIV) or other infectious agents.
Despite application of a number of viral elimination/reduction steps (e.g., heat treatment in solution, Cohn cold ethanol precipitation, screening for certain viruses) to prevent transmission of infectious agents, risk of transmission still remains.
Weigh risk of viral infection against benefits of therapy.
Report all infections thought possibly to have been transmitted by antithrombin III preparation to manufacturer at 800-520-2807.
Risk of Creutzfeldt-Jakob DiseaseMay carry a risk of transmitting causative agent of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).
Fractionation procedure decreases infectivity of intentionally added, experimental agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), a model for CJD and variant CJD (vCJD) agents. Provides reasonable assurance of removal of low concentrations of CJD or vCJD agents during manufacturing process.
Potentiation of Anticoagulant EffectEnhanced anticoagulant effect with concurrent heparin; reduced heparin dosage recommended during concurrent therapy. (See Interactions.)
General Precautions
Laboratory MonitoringPrior to therapy, confirm congenital antithrombin III deficiency based on clear family history of venous thrombosis and decreased endogenous plasma antithrombin III concentrations determined by amidolytic assays with chromogenic substrates, clotting assays, or immunoassays (e.g., crossed immunoelectrophoresis). Immunoassays may not detect all congenital antithrombin III deficiencies.
Investigations to determine possible thrombophilia should not be performed after a recent thromboembolic event or during anticoagulant therapy since antithrombin III concentrations are reduced in these circumstances. (See Special Populations under Pharmacokinetics.)
Monitoring of antithrombin III concentrations critical for adjusting dosage and ensuring adequate therapeutic response. (See Antithrombin III Deficiency under Dosage and Administration.)
More frequent monitoring necessary in patients with increased clearance of antithrombin III (e.g., hemorrhage, acute thrombosis, concurrent IV heparin therapy, surgery). (See Special Populations under Pharmacokinetics.)
Determination of antithrombin III concentrations immediately after birth recommended in neonates of parents with congenital antithrombin III deficiency. (See Pediatric Use under Cautions.)
Specific Populations
PregnancyCategory B.
Pediatric UseSafety and efficacy of antithrombin III not established in pediatric patients younger than 16 years of age.
Fatal thromboembolism (e.g., aortic thrombi) reported in neonates born to women with congenital antithrombin III deficiency. Determine antithrombin III concentrations immediately after birth in neonates of parents with congenital antithrombin III deficiency.
Plasma antithrombin III concentrations in healthy full-term neonates or healthy premature neonates average approximately 60 or 35%, respectively, of those in healthy adults. Low antithrombin III plasma concentrations, especially in premature neonates, do not necessarily indicate congenital deficiency.
Manufacturer and some clinicians recommend consultation with an expert on coagulation disorders regarding testing and treatment of neonates with suspected congenital antithrombin III deficiency.
Common Adverse Effects
Dizziness, chest tightness, nausea, foul taste, chills, cramps, shortness of breath, chest pain, film over eye, lightheadedness, bowel fullness, hives, fever, oozing, hematoma formation.
What other drugs will affect Antithrombin III
Specific Drugs
Drug
Interaction
Comments
Heparin
Enhanced anticoagulant effect; increased risk of bleeding complications
Decreases half-life of antithrombin III
Reduce heparin dosage during concurrent treatment
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