Antivenin (Latrodectus mactans) (Equine)
Drug class: Antineoplastic Agents
Usage of Antivenin (Latrodectus mactans) (Equine)
Latrodectus mactans Envenomation
Treatment of symptoms resulting from black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans) bite.
May shorten duration of symptoms and reduce need for hospitalization.
Consultation with experts experienced in treating black widow spider envenomation recommended to guide treatment decisions regarding individual patients.
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How to use Antivenin (Latrodectus mactans) (Equine)
General
Sensitivity Testing and Desensitization
Administration
Administer by IM injection or slow IV infusion. IV infusion preferred for severe black widow spider envenomation or when patient is <12 years of age or in shock.
IM Administration
Reconstitute vial of lyophilized powder with 2.5 mL of sterile diluent provided by manufacturer or 2.5 mL of sterile water for injection; shake vial (with diluent needle still in rubber stopper) until contents completely dissolved.
Make IM injections preferably into anterolateral thigh; this allows tourniquet to be applied if adverse systemic reactions occur.
IV Administration
Do not administer IV undiluted; do not administer by rapid IV injection or infusion. (See Immediate Sensitivity or Anaphylaxis under Cautions.)
Reconstitute vial of lyophilized powder with 2.5 mL of sterile diluent provided by manufacturer or 2.5 mL of sterile water for injection; shake vial (with diluent needle still in rubber stopper) until contents completely dissolved.
Dilute reconstituted antivenin in 10–50 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Alternatively, reconstituted antivenin has been diluted in 50–100 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride injection.
Rate of AdministrationInfuse dose over 15 minutes. Alternatively, dose has been infused over 20–60 minutes.
Dosage
Dosage usually expressed in terms of number of vials.
Pediatric Patients
Latrodectus mactans Envenomation IM or IVSingle 1-vial dose. Symptoms usually subside in 1–3 hours.
Second 1-vial dose may be necessary in some patients.
Adults
Latrodectus mactans Envenomation IM or IVSingle 1-vial dose. Symptoms usually subside in 1–3 hours.
Second 1-vial dose may be necessary in some patients.
Special Populations
No special population dosage recommendations.
Warnings
Contraindications
Warnings/Precautions
Sensitivity Reactions
Contains immunoglobulins from serum of horses immunized with black widow spider (L. mactans) venom. (See Actions.)
Prior to administration, make careful inquiry regarding prior exposure to preparations containing equine serum or history of any allergies.
Regardless of patient's clinical history, perform sensitivity testing (skin or conjunctival test). (See Sensitivity Testing and Desensitization under Dosage and Administration.) Anaphylactic reaction to the antivenin may still occur in patients with negative skin or conjunctival sensitivity tests.
Immediate Sensitivity or AnaphylaxisImmediate sensitivity reactions (e.g., shock, anaphylaxis, anaphylactoid reactions, urticaria) reported rarely. May develop within minutes after beginning or during administration; may include apprehension; flushing; pruritus; urticaria; edema of face, tongue, and throat; cough; dyspnea; bronchospasm; cyanosis; vomiting; hypotension; cardiovascular collapse.
Risk may be increased in individuals with atopic sensitivity to horses.
Fatalities related to severe hypersensitivity reactions (severe bronchospasm, severe anaphylaxis resulting in cardiac arrest) reported; at least 1 case occurred after rapid IV administration of undiluted antivenin (see IV Administration under Dosage and Administration). Anaphylactic reactions and death reported in patients with history of asthma.
Continuously monitor for immediate sensitivity reactions; have appropriate equipment for maintenance of an adequate airway and other supportive measures and epinephrine or other agents for treatment of anaphylaxis or other severe systemic reactions readily available.
If severe immediate sensitivity reaction occurs, immediately discontinue antivenin administration, at least temporarily, and initiate appropriate therapy (e.g., epinephrine, antihistamines, IV fluids, IV vasopressor agents, maintenance of an adequate airway, oxygen) as indicated.
Immediate sensitivity reactions usually may be managed by temporarily interrupting antivenin administration (or decreasing rate of administration) and administering antihistamines and/or epinephrine. If administration is temporarily interrupted and then reinitiated after reaction is controlled, reinitiate at slower rate.
Delayed Hypersensitivity or Serum ReactionsSerum sickness reported rarely.
Malaise, fever, urticaria, lymphadenopathy, edema, arthralgia, nausea, and vomiting are usual manifestations of serum sickness; usually evident within 2–14 days after antivenin dose.
Monitor for signs and symptoms of serum sickness for an average of 8–12 days after dose.
Although efficacy not clearly established for treatment of envenomation or venom shock, corticosteroids and antihistamines are usual treatment of choice for serious serum sickness reactions.
Thimerosal AllergyContains thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative. The 1:10 dilution of normal equine serum provided by manufacturer for sensitivity testing also contains thimerosal. (See Thimerosal Precautions under Cautions.)
Hypersensitivity reactions to thimerosal contained in vaccines reported rarely. These reactions usually manifest as local, delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., erythema, swelling), but generalized reaction manifested as pruritus and an erythematous, maculopapular rash on all 4 extremities has been reported rarely. Even when patch or intradermal tests for thimerosal sensitivity are positive, most individuals receiving thimerosal-containing vaccines do not develop such hypersensitivity reactions.
Thimerosal Precautions
Antivenin (Latrodectus mactans) (equine) and normal equine serum provided by manufacturer for sensitivity testing contain mercury in the form of ethyl mercury from thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative.
Each vial of lyophilized antivenin (Latrodectus mactans) (equine) and each vial of 1:10 normal equine serum contain 0.01% thimerosal (1:10,000) as preservative (50 mcg of mercury/mL).
Only limited toxicology data available regarding ethyl mercury; neurologic and renal toxicities associated with high dose and acute exposures to methyl mercury. Developing fetuses and young children, especially neonates and infants <6 months of age, are at greatest risk of mercury toxicity.
Although it has been suggested that thimerosal added as a preservative or used during the manufacturing process of vaccines or plasma-derived products theoretically could have adverse effects in recipients, there is no conclusive evidence that low concentrations of thimerosal contained in vaccines cause harm in vaccine recipients. Efforts to eliminate or reduce the thimerosal content in such products are recommended as a prudent measure to reduce mercury exposure in infants and children and part of an overall strategy to reduce mercury exposures from all sources, including food and drugs.
Specific Populations
PregnancyCategory C.
Has been used in pregnant women without unusual adverse effects.
LactationNot known whether distributed into milk. Use with caution in nursing women.
Pediatric UseSafety and efficacy not specifically studied. Has been used in children without unusual adverse effects.
Geriatric UseNo evidence of different responses between geriatric adults and younger patients. Because of increased risk of envenomation complications in geriatric adults, use antivenin in patients >60 years of age whenever indicated.
Common Adverse Effects
Sensitivity reactions, muscle cramps.
What other drugs will affect Antivenin (Latrodectus mactans) (Equine)
Data not available regarding drug interactions.
Disclaimer
Every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided by Drugslib.com is accurate, up-to-date, and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. Drug information contained herein may be time sensitive. Drugslib.com information has been compiled for use by healthcare practitioners and consumers in the United States and therefore Drugslib.com does not warrant that uses outside of the United States are appropriate, unless specifically indicated otherwise. Drugslib.com's drug information does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients or recommend therapy. Drugslib.com's drug information is an informational resource designed to assist licensed healthcare practitioners in caring for their patients and/or to serve consumers viewing this service as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners.
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