Aprepitant/Fosaprepitant

Brand names: Emend
Drug class: Antineoplastic Agents

Usage of Aprepitant/Fosaprepitant

Cancer Chemotherapy-induced Nausea and Vomiting

Prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy, including high-dose cisplatin therapy. Used in combination with other antiemetic agents.

Prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Used in combination with other antiemetic agents.

For prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with highly emetogenic chemotherapy regimens (including an anthracycline plus cyclophosphamide), ASCO recommends a 3-drug antiemetic regimen consisting of an NK1 receptor antagonist (e.g., either oral aprepitant or IV fosaprepitant), a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (e.g., dolasetron, granisetron, ondansetron, palonosetron), and dexamethasone. ASCO states that fixed-combination netupitant and palonosetron plus dexamethasone is an additional treatment option.

For moderately emetogenic chemotherapy regimens, ASCO recommends a 2-drug antiemetic regimen preferably consisting of palonosetron and dexamethasone. If palonosetron is not available, a first-generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (preferably granisetron or ondansetron) may be substituted. Limited evidence suggests that aprepitant may be added to this regimen; in such cases, use of any 5-HT3 receptor antagonist is appropriate.

For chemotherapy regimens with a low emetogenic risk, ASCO recommends administration of a single dose of dexamethasone prior to chemotherapy.

For chemotherapy regimens with minimal emetogenic risk, ASCO states that routine antiemetic administration is not necessary.

Safety and efficacy for chronic use or for treatment of established nausea and vomiting not established.

Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.

Safety and efficacy for chronic use or for treatment of established nausea and vomiting not established.

Relate drugs

How to use Aprepitant/Fosaprepitant

Administration

Dispensing and Administration Precautions

Because of similarities in spelling and/or pronunciation between Emend (the trade name for aprepitant) and Amen (a former trade name for medroxyprogesterone acetate; no longer commercially available under this trade name in the US) or Vfend (the trade name for voriconazole), exercise extra care in ensuring the accuracy of prescriptions for these drugs. (See Possible Prescribing and Dispensing Errors under Cautions.)

Oral Administration

Administer aprepitant orally without regard to meals.

IV Administration

Administer fosaprepitant dimeglumine by IV infusion.

For solution and drug compatibility information, see Compatibility under Stability.

Reconstitution and Dilution

Reconstitute powder for injection with 5 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride for injection; avoid jetting saline into the vial. Gently swirl solution; do not shake.

Withdraw entire volume from vial and transfer into infusion bag containing 110 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride, yielding a total volume of 115 mL (1 mg/mL). Mix solutions by gentle inversion of the bag 2–3 times.

Rate of Administration

Infuse over 15 minutes.

Dosage

Dosage of fosaprepitant dimeglumine is expressed in terms of fosaprepitant.

Adults

Cancer Chemotherapy-induced Nausea and Vomiting

Administer as part of a regimen that includes a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and a corticosteroid.

Highly Emetogenic Cancer Chemotherapy Oral

Administer 125 mg of aprepitant 1 hour before chemotherapy on day 1, and follow with 80 mg once daily in the morning on days 2 and 3 of the treatment regimen.

In clinical studies, aprepitant was administered with IV ondansetron (32 mg 30 minutes before chemotherapy on day 1) and oral dexamethasone (12 mg 30 minutes before chemotherapy on day 1, followed by 8 mg once daily in the morning on days 2–4).

IV

Administer 115 mg of fosaprepitant over 15 minutes, 30 minutes prior to chemotherapy as an alternative to oral aprepitant (125 mg) on day 1 only of 3-day regimen. Follow fosaprepitant with oral aprepitant 80 mg once daily in the morning on days 2 and 3 of the treatment regimen.

Moderately Emetogenic Cancer Chemotherapy Oral

Administer 125 mg of aprepitant 1 hour before chemotherapy on day 1, and follow with 80 mg once daily in the morning on days 2 and 3 of the treatment regimen.

In a clinical study, aprepitant was administered with oral ondansetron (8 mg 30–60 minutes before chemotherapy on day 1, followed by 8 mg 8 hours after the first dose) and oral dexamethasone (12 mg 30 minutes before chemotherapy on day 1).

IV

Administer 115 mg of fosaprepitant over 15 minutes, 30 minutes prior to chemotherapy as an alternative to oral aprepitant (125 mg) on day 1 only of 3-day regimen. Follow fosaprepitant with oral aprepitant 80 mg once daily in the morning on days 2 and 3 of the treatment regimen.

Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Oral

Administer 40 mg of aprepitant within 3 hours before induction of anesthesia.

Special Populations

Hepatic Impairment

No dosage adjustment necessary in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. Not adequately studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score >9).

Renal Impairment

No dosage adjustment necessary in patients with renal impairment or end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis.

Geriatric Patients

No dosage adjustment necessary.

Warnings

Contraindications

  • Concomitant use with astemizole (no longer commercially available in the US), cisapride (currently commercially available in the US only under a limited-access protocol), pimozide, or terfenadine (no longer commercially available in the US).
  • Known hypersensitivity to fosaprepitant, aprepitant, polysorbate 80, or any ingredient in the formulations.

    • Warnings/Precautions

    Sensitivity Reactions

    Stevens-Johnson syndrome reported in 1 patient receiving aprepitant with antineoplastic agents. Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, hives, rash, itching, and urticaria, reported in patients receiving aprepitant or fosaprepitant; may be serious and can cause difficulty in breathing or swallowing. Angioedema reported in 1 patient.

    General Precautions

    Drug Interaction Potential

    Drug-interaction potential could be altered with chronic use (see Interactions); safety of chronic use not established.

    Possible Prescribing and Dispensing Errors

    Ensure accuracy of prescription; similarity in spelling and/or pronunciation of Emend (trade name for aprepitant) and Amen (former trade name for medroxyprogesterone acetate) or Vfend (trade name for voriconazole) may result in errors.

    Specific Populations

    Pregnancy

    Category B.

    Lactation

    Aprepitant is distributed into milk in rats; not known whether distributed into human milk. Discontinue nursing or the drug.

    Pediatric Use

    Safety and efficacy of fosaprepitant and aprepitant not established in children <18 years of age.

    Geriatric Use

    No substantial differences in safety, efficacy, or pharmacokinetics of oral aprepitant relative to younger adults, but increased sensitivity cannot be ruled out.

    Hepatic Impairment

    Oral aprepitant has not been adequately studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score >9); caution advised in these patients.

    Fosaprepitant metabolized by extrahepatic tissue; hepatic insufficiency not expected to alter conversion of fosaprepitant to aprepitant.

    Common Adverse Effects

    Aprepitant capsules: Asthenia and/or fatigue, dizziness, hypoesthesia, nausea, anorexia, diarrhea, constipation, heartburn, abdominal pain, epigastric discomfort, dyspepsia, gastritis, stomatitis, pharyngolaryngeal pain, hiccups, perforating duodenal ulcer, enterocolitis, neutropenia, dehydration, hot flush, pruritus, hypotension, hypertension, sinus tachycardia, neutropenic sepsis, pneumonia, alopecia, bradycardia.

    Fosaprepitant injection: Infusion site reactions (e.g., pain, induration), headache. Since fosaprepitant dimeglumine for injection is converted into aprepitant, adverse effects associated with aprepitant also may be expected to occur with the injection.

    What other drugs will affect Aprepitant/Fosaprepitant

    Drug interactions following fosaprepitant administration likely to occur with agents that interact with aprepitant.

    Aprepitant is extensively metabolized, principally by CYP3A4 and to a lesser extent by CYP1A2 and CYP2C19. The drug is a weak-to-moderate, dose-dependent inhibitor and an inducer of CYP3A4; also an inducer of CYP2C9.

    Drugs Metabolized by Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes

    CYP3A4 substrates: Possible altered metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates. Aprepitant may inhibit or induce CYP3A4. Inhibition of CYP3A4 is dose-dependent and moderate with the 125-mg/80-mg aprepitant regimen and weak with the single-dose, 40-mg regimen. Possible increased plasma concentrations of concomitantly administered drugs, especially possible with higher aprepitant dosages (i.e., in a regimen consisting of 125 mg on day 1 followed by 80 mg on days 2 and 3) or with repeat administration at any aprepitant dose. Aprepitant (at a dosage level of 125 mg on day 1 followed by 80 mg on days 2 and 3) may increase plasma concentrations of a CYP3A4 substrate to lesser extent when the substrate is given IV rather than orally. Use with caution; dosage adjustment of the CYP3A4 substrate may be necessary.

    CYP2C9 substrates: Possible increased metabolism and decreased plasma concentrations of the CYP2C9 substrate.

    Drugs Affecting Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes

    CYP3A4 inhibitors: Possible decreased aprepitant metabolism, resulting in increased plasma aprepitant concentrations. Use with caution.

    CYP3A4 inducers: Possible increased aprepitant metabolism. Potential for decreased aprepitant efficacy with strong CYP3A4 inducers.

    Specific Drugs

    Drug

    Interaction

    Comments

    Antiemetics, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (e.g., dolasetron, granisetron, ondansetron)

    No clinically important effects on 5-HT3 receptor antagonist pharmacokinetics

    Antifungals, azoles (e.g., itraconazole, ketoconazole)

    Possible increased plasma aprepitant concentrations

    Use with caution

    Antineoplastic agents (e.g., etoposide, ifosfamide, imatinib, irinotecan, paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine)

    Possible increased plasma concentrations of antineoplastic agents metabolized by CYP3A4

    Use caution; careful monitoring required

    Astemizole (no longer commercially available in US)

    Increased plasma astemizole concentrations; potential for serious or life-threatening reaction

    Concomitant use contraindicated

    Benzodiazepines (e.g., alprazolam, midazolam, triazolam)

    Possible increased plasma concentrations of benzodiazepines metabolized by CYP3A4

    Consider potential effect of increased plasma benzodiazepine concentrations

    IV midazolam: Dosage adjustment may be necessary when concurrently administered with oral aprepitant regimen of 125 mg on day 1 followed by 80 mg on days 2 and 3

    Interaction not clinically important when midazolam administered with single dose of fosaprepitant 100 mg or single 40-mg dose of aprepitant

    Carbamazepine

    Possible decreased plasma concentrations and decreased efficacy of aprepitant

    Cisapride (commercially available in US only under limited-access protocol)

    Increased plasma cisapride concentrations; potential for serious or life-threatening reaction

    Concomitant use contraindicated

    Contraceptives, oral

    Possible decreased plasma steroid concentrations and reduced contraceptive efficacy

    Use alternative or additional contraceptive methods during fosaprepitant or aprepitant treatment and for 1 month after last dose

    Corticosteroids (e.g., dexamethasone, methylprednisolone)

    Possible increased plasma concentrations of corticosteroids metabolized by CYP3A4, particularly with oral aprepitant regimen of 125 mg on day 1 followed by 80 mg on days 2 and 3

    Decrease dosage of oral and IV corticosteroids if necessary. Decrease dosage of oral dexamethasone and methylprednisolone by 50% and IV methylprednisolone by 25% in patients receiving oral aprepitant regimen of 125 mg on day 1 followed by 80 mg on days 2 and 3; dosage adjustment not recommended in patients receiving the single-dose, 40-mg regimen

    Digoxin

    Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely

    Diltiazem

    Possible increased plasma aprepitant and diltiazem concentrations; no clinically important changes in ECG, heart rate, or BP observed

    Small, but clinically meaningful, decrease in DBP, and possibly SBP, reported with concomitant fosaprepitant therapy; no clinically important changes in heart rate or PR interval observed

    Use with caution

    Docetaxel

    No effects on docetaxel pharmacokinetics with oral aprepitant regimen of 125 mg on day 1 followed by 80 mg on days 2 and 3

    HIV protease inhibitors (nelfinavir, ritonavir)

    Possible increased plasma aprepitant concentrations

    Use with caution

    Macrolide antibiotics (e.g., clarithromycin, troleandomycin)

    Possible increased plasma aprepitant concentrations

    Use with caution

    Nefazodone

    Possible increased plasma aprepitant concentrations

    Use with caution

    Paroxetine

    Possible decreased plasma aprepitant and paroxetine concentrations

    Phenytoin

    Possible decreased plasma concentrations and decreased efficacy of aprepitant; possible decreased plasma phenytoin concentrations

    Pimozide

    Increased plasma pimozide concentrations; potential for serious or life-threatening reaction

    Concomitant use contraindicated

    Rifampin

    Possible decreased plasma concentrations and decreased efficacy of aprepitant

    Terfenadine (no longer commercially available the US)

    Increased plasma terfenadine concentrations; potential for serious or life-threatening reaction

    Concomitant use contraindicated

    Tolbutamide

    Possible decreased plasma tolbutamide concentrations

    Vinorelbine

    No effects on vinorelbine pharmacokinetics with oral aprepitant regimen of 125 mg on day 1 followed by 80 mg on days 2 and 3

    Warfarin

    Possible decreased plasma S-warfarin concentrations and decreased PT

    Monitor PT closely for 2 weeks (particularly 7–10 days) after initiation of fosaprepitant followed by aprepitant, the 3-day oral aprepitant regimen or administration of the single-dose aprepitant regimen

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