Bayberry

Generic name: Myrica Cerifera L., Myrica Rubra (Lour.) Siebold And Zucc.
Brand names: Bayberry, Candleberry, Chinese Bayberry, Red Bayberry, Tallow Shrub, Wax Myrtle, Wax Myrtle Plant, Waxberry, Yang-mei

Usage of Bayberry

Antibacterial activity

In vitro data

Antibacterial activity of Chinese bayberry, including against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, EscheriChia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholerae, and other human pathogens, has been demonstrated in vitro.Li 2012

Anti-inflammatory effects

Animal and in vitro data

In vitro studies of M. rubra leaf extracts suggest flavonoids, specifically myricitrin, have anti-inflammatory properties, including via inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2.Kim 2014, Sun 2013 M. rubra leaf extracts resulted in down-regulation of serum immunoglobulin E levels in a mouse allergy model, and inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in macrophage cells.Kim 2013, Shimosaki 2011 In a murine model, myricetin inhibited colitis and colorectal tumorigenesis, and decreased markers of inflammation (TNF-alpha, interleukin 1 [IL-1] beta, IL-6, nuclear factor kappa B, cyclooxygenase-2, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and cyclin D1).Zhang 2018

Clinical data

A small, 4-week, randomized crossover study in young adults (N=44) evaluated the effect of 250 mL of bayberry juice twice daily on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease outcomes. Improvements in antioxidant status, as well as decreases in markers of inflammation (eg, TNF, IL-8) were observed.Guo 2014

Antioxidant effects

Animal and in vitro data

In vitro and chemical studies of bayberry leaf, bark, and fruit have identified several chemical constituents with antioxidant capacity, including anthocyanin, phenolic, and flavonoid content, specifically myricetin and myricitrin.Fu 2014, Sun 2013 Protective effects against apoptosis and cell necrosis have been shown in endothelial, pancreatic, hepatic, colonic, and neuronal tissues.Liu 2014, Sun 2013, Sun 2013

Myricanol from M. rubra exerted protective effects on neural cells by increasing cell vitality and preserving cell morphology after exposure to the neurotoxin H2O2.Chen 2017

Antiviral activity

In vitro data

In vitro, PB233'OG isolated from the bark of M. rubra exhibited antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 2.Sun 2013

Cancer

In vitro data

An in vitro study compared the antiproliferative effects of various sesquiterpenes from M. rubra essential oil alone and in combination with doxorubicin. The tested sesquiterpenes in combination with doxorubicin exerted synergistic effects in a sensitive line of lymphoblastic cancer and in sensitive and partly resistant ovarian cancer cell lines.Ambrož 2017 In both mouse and human melanoma cell lines, a water extract of M. rubra inhibited melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity and exerted antioxidant activity.Juang 2019 Various compounds from M. cerifera bark exerted activity against leukemia, lung, and breast cancer cells. Additionally, inhibition of melanogenesis in melanoma cells was noted.Zhang 2016 Proanthocyanidins from Chinese bayberry inhibited angiogenesis and induced G1 cell cycle arrest in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells.Zhang 2018 Additionally, myricitrin-rich flavonoids from Chinese bayberry induced apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest in ovarian cancer cells.Zhang 2018

Cardiovascular effects

Animal and in vitro data

Antithrombotic activity has been described for the root bark of bayberry in vitro.Chistokhodova 2002 In a murine model of atherosclerosis, myricitrin from M. cerifera inhibited oxidized low-density lipoprotein endothelial apoptosis and atTenuated plaque formation early in the disease process.Qin 2015 In an in vitro model involving vascular smooth muscle cells, myricitrin reduced the expression of vascular adhesion molecules, which are important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.Yan 2017

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Animal data

In a murine model of ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice, anthocyanin extracts from M. rubra reduced cerebral infarction volume, damage from disease, and nitric oxide and malondialdehyde contents after 1 week of treatment.Cui 2018

Diabetes

Animal and in vitro data

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside from Chinese bayberry fruit administered to mice with induced diabetes decreased blood Glucose and improved glucose tolerance. A protective effect on pancreatic tissue was also observed in microscopic analysis.Sun 2012 Flavonoids from Chinese bayberry demonstrated alpha-glucosidase activity, suggesting a potential mechanism of action in diabetes.Yan 2016

Clinical data

No effects on plasma glucose, insulin parameters, or lipid profile were observed in a study conducted in young adults with features of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Guo 2014

Mitochondrial damage

Animal and in vitro data

Protective effects of myricitrin and M. rubra extracts on hepatic and neuronal mitochondria have been described in in vitro and animal studies.Gou 2013, Wang 2014, Xu 2011

Obesity

Animal data

In a murine model of obesity, proanthocyanidin extracts from M. rubra reduced weight and improved lipid parameters.Zhou 2017

Bayberry side effects

Allergy, including anaphylaxis, has been documented with Chinese bayberry fruit. Cross-sensitivity with other fruits has been reported.Wang 2012

Before taking Bayberry

Avoid use. Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking.

How to use Bayberry

Clinical trials are lacking to guide dosing of bayberry. Bayberry juice at a dosage of 250 mL twice daily for 4 weeks was used in one small clinical trial of patients with features of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Guo 2014

Warnings

The elevated tannin concentration of bayberry bark is carcinogenic in rats, which precludes general internal use of the plant bark in humans. The triterpene myricadiol has been shown to be spermatocidal, and antiandrogenic activity of the bark extract of M. rubra has also been reported.Khan 2009, Sun 2013

What other drugs will affect Bayberry

Case reports are lacking; however, inhibition of CYP3A4 (midazolam-like) and CYP2C9 (tolbUTAmide-like) has been reported.Guo 2014

Antihypertensive agents: Herbs with hypertensive properties may diminish the antihypertensive effect of antihypertensive agents. Monitor therapy.Jalili 2013

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