Bergamot Juice

Generic name: Citrus Bergamia Risso Et Poiteau
Brand names: Bergamot Juice, Bergamot Juice Extract

Usage of Bergamot Juice

The uses described in the following sections focus on bergamot juice specifically. See also Bergamot Oil monograph for further information regarding potential uses of C. bergamia.

Anti-inflammatory effects

Animal and in vitro data

Reduced release of proinflammatory mediators has been reported, and reduced inflammation in mouse models of colitis and in an intestinal injury/reperfusion model has been demonstrated.Impellizzeri 2015, Impellizzeri 2016, Risitano 2014, Russo 2015, Spigoni 2017

Antimicrobial effects

In vitro and in vivo data

The anti-Helicobacter pylori effect of bergamot juice has been demonstrated in clinical isolates. Synergism with antibiotics was also demonstrated.Cirmi 2016, Filocamo 2015

Antioxidant effects

Animal and in vitro data

Bergamot juice flavonoids have been shown to exert antioxidant action in various experiments. Reduced generation of reactive oxygen species and membrane lipid peroxidation, improved mitochondrial functionality, and prevention of DNA oxidative damage have been reported.DaPozzo 2018, Ferlazzo 2015, Ferlazzo 2016 Antioxidant activity may be responsible for the decreased renal injury noted in a study of hypercholesterolemic rodents.Trovato 2010

Cancer effects

In vitro data

In vitro studies have shown bergamot juice possesses antiproliferative activity.Delle Monache 2013, Ferlazzo 2016, Navarra 2014, Visalli 2014

CNS effects

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of bergamot juice have been demonstrated, which may contribute to observed CNS effects.Picerno 2011, Russo 2015

Animal data

Findings from animal models of degenerative CNS diseases suggest the flavonoids naringin and neohesperidin may attenuate cognitive impairment.Bruno 2017

Clinical data

A small, open-label pilot study examined the effect of a bergamot-derived polyphenolic fraction (500 mg twice daily for 8 weeks as adjunctive therapy) on cognitive dysfunction in 20 outpatient-managed subjects being treated for schizophrenia. Improvements from baseline measures were reported for Wisconsin Card Sorting Test perseverative errors (P=0.004) and semantic fluency test (P=0.004).Bruno 2017

Dyslipidemia

Animal data

A review of studies, conducted primarily in rats, has been published.Giglio 2016 Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol biosynthesis, increases in fecal neutral sterols and total bile acids excretion, and antioxidant effects have been proposed as mechanisms of action.Giglio 2016, Leopoldini 2010, Mollace 2011, Parafati 2015 Additionally, increased lipolysis and decreased adipocyte generation were shown to be caused by influences on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) levels.Lo Furno 2016

Clinical data

Limited clinical studies have evaluated the effects of bergamot juice or its extract on dyslipidemia.Giglio 2016, Mannucci 2017 Results from ongoing clinical trials are pending.Giglio 2016

In an open-label clinical study in 80 patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia, a standardized bergamot-derived extract (Bergavit) was given at a fixed daily dose (150 mg of flavonoids, with 16% neoeriocitrin, 47% neohesperidin, and 37% naringin) for 6 months. The extract increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and decreased total plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides over baseline levels.Toth 2016

A larger (N=237), double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the effect of bergamot-derived polyphenolic fraction (500 mg/day and 1,000 mg/day) among adults with hyperlipemia. Total and LDL-C and triglyceride levels were reduced, with a consequent increase in HDL. Another group of patients who had discontinued statin therapy due to adverse effects received the bergamot extract at a dosage of 1,500 mg/day; treatment in this group resulted in reductions in total cholesterol and LDL-C.Mollace 2011 Reductions in blood Glucose were also reported in patients with metabolic syndrome.Giglio 2016, Mollace 2011

An open-label study (N=77) evaluated the effects of bergamot-derived polyphenolic fraction (either alone or as adjunctive therapy) on dyslipidemia. Addition of the bergamot preparation (1,000 mg orally daily) to therapy with rosuvastatin (10 mg daily) for 30 days (n=15) enhanced the efficacy of rosuvastatin.Gliozzi 2013 Similarly, in a second trial by the same researchers in patients with nonalcoholic liver steatohepatitis and metabolic syndrome (N=107), use of bergamot polyphenolic extract for 4 months produced reductions in fasting plasma glucose, serum LDL-C, and triglycerides, and an increase in HDL-C.Gliozzi 2016

Bergamot Juice side effects

Limited clinical studies in hyperlipidemia suggest bergamot juice is safe and well toleratedMannucci 2017; heartburn was reported in a study using bergamot polyphenolic fraction (500 mg twice daily).Bruno 2017

Before taking Bergamot Juice

Avoid use. Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking.

Naringenin and hesperetin have been shown to bind to estrogen receptors, and to inhibit the activity of aromatase (the rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of androgens to estrogens), the clinical significance of which is unknown.Gardana 2008

How to use Bergamot Juice

Cognitive dysfunction

An open-label pilot study examined the effects of bergamot-derived polyphenolic fraction (500 mg twice daily for 8 weeks as adjunctive therapy), on cognitive dysfunction in patients being treated for schizophrenia. The capsules contained 5 main flavonoids: neoeriocitrin, naringin, neohesperidin, melitidin, and brutieridin.Bruno 2017

Dyslipidemia

Effects of bergamot-derived polyphenolic fraction containing 28% flavonoids (principally naringin, neoeriocitrin, and neohesperidin) on dyslipidemia have been studied at dosages of 500 mg/day and 1,000 mg/day for treatment durations of 1 monthMollace 2011 or 6 months.Giglio 2016 In a study of patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia, a standardized bergamot-derived extract (Bergavit) was given at a fixed daily dose (150 mg of flavonoids, with 16% neoeriocitrin, 47% neohesperidin, and 37% naringin) for 6 months.Toth 2016

Warnings

Information is limited. In acute and suBChronic toxicity tests in rodents, a lack of hematological and histopathological toxicity was reported.Mannucci 2017

What other drugs will affect Bergamot Juice

Case reports are lacking. Furanocoumarins, as found in grapefruit, are known to inhibit the metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP-450) 3A4, and to a lesser extent CYP1A2, 2C9, and 2D6. They may also influence the transporter P-glycoprotein. An increased bioavailability and decreased metabolism of medicines dependent on this system may be expected, with a consequent risk of toxicity.Seden 2010

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