Nicotine

Drug class: Antineoplastic Agents , Antineoplastic Agents , Antineoplastic Agents

Usage of Nicotine

Smoking Cessation

Used for nicotine replacement therapy as a temporary adjunct in the cessation of cigarette smoking either unsupervised (self-medication) or in conjunction with a behavior modification program under clinician supervision.

Nicotine replacement therapy considered one of several first-line therapies by USPHS for treatment of tobacco dependence. For additional information, consult the most current USPHS clinical practice guideline available at [Web]

Nicotine replacement therapy provides alternative sources of nicotine that help reduce the withdrawal symptoms associated with nicotine dependence. Chewing the resin complex-containing gum may act as a substitute oral activity in behavior modification.

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been used to aid smoking cessation attempts; however, these products are not approved by FDA for this use and evidence is limited regarding their efficacy and safety. The role of ENDS relative to conventional nicotine replacement therapies for smoking cessation remains to be established.

Ulcerative Colitis

Transdermal nicotine has been used in the management of ulcerative colitis† [off-label].

Relate drugs

How to use Nicotine

General

  • To increase smoking cessation rate, use as part of a comprehensive program of multiple treatment strategies, including behavioral modification.
  • Individualize duration of therapy based on patient response and degree of nicotine dependence.
  • Stop smoking prior to initiating nicotine replacement therapy; self-medication not recommended in patients who continue to smoke, chew tobacco, or use snuff or other nicotine-containing preparations.
  • Discontinue therapy in patients who continue to smoke 4 weeks after initiating treatment; may use nicotine replacement therapy again in subsequent attempts to quit smoking.

    • Administration

    Administer nicotine percutaneously by topical application of a transdermal system.

    Administer nicotine transmucosally by oral inhalation using a special nicotine oral inhaler or intranasally using a metered-dose spray pump.

    Administer nicotine polacrilex intrabuccally (transmucosally) as a lozenge or chewing gum.

    May be administered as a single nicotine preparation (i.e., intrabuccally, intranasally, percutaneously, or by oral inhalation); however, if single therapy does not enable patients to quit smoking, use of transdermal nicotine may be combined with another form of nicotine replacement (i.e., either buccal nicotine polacrilex or nicotine nasal spray).

    Buccal Administration

    Chewing Gum

    Self-administer one piece of gum in response to the urge to smoke.

    Chew gum very slowly until a distinctive peppery taste of nicotine, minty, cinnamon, or orange taste of the gum, or a slight tingling in the mouth is perceived (typically about 15 chews); stop chewing gum and park between cheek and gum; once tingling is almost gone (about 1 minute), repeat chewing procedure. Continue for about 30 minutes or until taste dissipates. Do not swallow gum.

    Do not eat or drink anything other than water for 15 minutes before and during chewing of gum.

    Do not chew multiple pieces of gum simultaneously; do not chew too rapidly or chew pieces in succession. May cause excessive release of nicotine and result in adverse effects (e.g., lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, irritation of the throat and mouth, hiccups, indigestion).

    Chew at least 9 pieces of gum daily to improve chances of quitting.

    Do not attempt to discontinue nicotine polacrilex gum therapy until craving is satisfied by 1 or 2 pieces of the gum daily, but do not continue therapy for >6 months, unless otherwise instructed by clinician.

    4-mg strength gum recommended in highly dependent smokers because of evidence of increased efficacy.

    Lozenges

    Suck on lozenge until dissolved; do not swallow, bite, or chew. Allow to slowly dissolve in the mouth over 20–30 minutes, periodically moving the lozenge (e.g., with the tongue) from one side of the mouth to the other; minimize swallowing. A warm or tingling sensation may be perceived.

    Do not eat or drink anything other than water for 15 minutes before and during sucking on the lozenge.

    Use at least 9 lozenges daily for the first 6 weeks to improve chances of quitting.

    Using >1 lozenge simultaneously or using one lozenge after another in uninterrupted sequence may result in adverse effects (e.g., hiccups, heartburn, nausea).

    Self-administer lozenge in response to nicotine craving; decrease frequency of administration over time.

    Topical Administration

    Administer percutaneously by topical application of a transdermal system once daily.

    Apply at the same time each day, usually after awakening.

    Expose the adhesive surface of the system by peeling and discarding the protective liner just prior to application and apply system immediately to avoid loss of nicotine through volatilization.

    Apply transdermal system to a clean, dry, hairless area of intact skin on the trunk or upper outer arm by firmly pressing the system with the adhesive side touching the skin. Press system firmly in place with heel of hand for about 10 seconds, ensuring good contact, particularly around the edges. Do not apply to sites that are oily, damaged, or irritated; if necessary, hair may be clipped, but do not shave area.

    System may be worn for 16 or 24 hours. If cravings begin upon awakening, wear patch for 24 hours. If vivid dreams or sleep disruptions occur, wear patch for 16 hours; remove at bedtime and apply new patch upon awakening.

    If system inadvertently comes off during the period of use, apply a new system; continue current application schedule or change so that the next system is applied 24 hours later.

    Rotate application sites to minimize potential skin irritation; allow ≥1 week before reusing a given site. (See Dermatologic Effects under Cautions.)

    Avoid unnecessary contact with transdermal systems. Avoid touching eyes after handling; wash hands with water alone as soap may enhance percutaneous absorption.

    Intranasal Administration

    Administer intranasally using a metered-dose spray pump.

    Prime spray pump prior to initial use by spraying into a tissue until a fine spray is seen (6–8 times); discard tissue.

    If spray pump is not used for 24 hours, reprime pump by spraying into a tissue 1–2 times.

    Clear nasal passages prior to administration.

    Tilt the head back slightly; insert tip of bottle into one nostril as far as is comfortable. Breathe through the mouth and spray once into nostril; do not sniff, swallow, or inhale through the nose while administering. Repeat this procedure for the other nostril.

    If nose runs, sniff gently to keep nasal spray in nose; wait 2–3 minutes before blowing nose.

    Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and mouth; if contact occurs, rinse with plain water immediately. If intranasal bottle breaks, wear protective gloves, wipe with paper towels, and wash surfaces thoroughly.

    Oral Inhalation

    Administer transmucosally as an inhaled vapor by oral inhalation using a special nicotine oral inhaler that mimics smoking cigarettes.

    Hold the oral inhaler with two hands; separate the top and bottom pieces by pushing and turning the pieces until markings line up. Insert one nicotine cartridge and push the cartridge until it pops into place. Line up markings on the top and bottom pieces of the inhaler and push pieces together tightly; lock inhaler by turning pieces until markings do not line up.

    Place the mouthpiece of the inhaler between lips and puff on the inhaler using rapid shallow sucking (“buccal mode”); alternatively, inhale slowly and deeply into back of throat (“pulmonary mode”). Nicotine is vaporized and absorbed in mouth and throat. (See Absorption under Pharmacokinetics.) Shallow puffing method generally is preferred. Deep inhalation technique requires considerable effort and does not result in substantially increased drug delivery or other benefits.

    Individualize orally inhaled dosage to the level of nicotine replacement required; optimum results generally achieved by frequent continuous puffing of the inhaler over 20 minutes.

    Nicotine is used up from cartridge after about four 5-minute sessions or one 20-minute session of active puffing.

    When cartridge is empty, remove top of mouthpiece; discard empty cartridge away from children and pets. Store with mouthpiece in locked position and cartridges in plastic case. Clean reusable mouthpiece regularly with soap and water.

    Use inhaler at temperatures >60°F; cold temperatures decrease the amount of nicotine inhaled.

    Also administered transmucosally as an inhaled vapor by oral inhalation via electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) such as e-cigarettes and vape pens; however, safety and efficacy in smoking cessation not evaluated by FDA.

    Dosage

    Chewing gum and lozenges available as nicotine polacrilex; dosage expressed in terms of nicotine.

    Nicotine oral inhaler cartridges labeled as containing 10 mg of nicotine deliver ≤4 mg total with repeated inhalation. The amount of nicotine released depends on the volume and temperature of the air passing through the inhaler. An intensive inhalation regimen (80 deep inhalations over 20 minutes) releases approximately 4 mg of nicotine.

    Metered nasal spray delivers 0.5 mg of the nicotine per metered spray and about 200 sprays (i.e., 100 doses) per 100-mg container.

    Adults

    Smoking Cessation Buccal (Chewing Gum)

    Patients who smoke <25 cigarettes daily: Chew a 2-mg piece of gum every 2 hours during weeks 1–6; chew a 2-mg piece every 2–4 hours during weeks 7–9; and chew a 2-mg piece every 4–8 hours during weeks 10–12 of therapy. Alternatively, chew a 2-mg piece of gum whenever the urge to smoke occurs; do not exceed 2 pieces (4 mg) per hour.

    Patients who smoke ≥25 cigarettes daily: Chew a 4-mg piece of gum every 2 hours during weeks 1–6; chew a 4-mg piece every 2–4 hours during weeks 7–9; and chew a 4-mg piece every 4–8 hours during weeks 10–12 of therapy. Alternatively, chew a 4-mg piece whenever the urge to smoke occurs; do not exceed 2 pieces (8 mg) per hour.

    Taper dosage by chewing each piece for only 10–15 minutes and gradually reducing the number of pieces chewed, or chew each piece for longer than 30 minutes but reduce the total pieces per day, or substitute regular chewing gum for some pieces.

    Buccal (Lozenges)

    Patients who smoke first cigarette >30 minutes after waking: One 2-mg lozenge every 1–2 hours during weeks 1–6; then one 2-mg lozenge every 2–4 hours during weeks 7–9; and one 2-mg lozenge every 4–8 hours during weeks 10–12.

    Patients who smoke first cigarette ≤30 minutes after waking: One 4-mg lozenge every 1–2 hours during weeks 1–6; then one 4-mg lozenge every 2–4 hours during weeks 7–9; and one 4-mg lozenge every 4–8 hours during weeks 10–12.

    Do not exceed 5 lozenges in 6 hours or 20 lozenges daily.

    Discontinue therapy if mouth problems, persistent indigestion, severe sore throat, irregular heartbeat, palpitations, or symptoms suggestive of overdosage (nausea, vomiting, dizziness, diarrhea, weakness, and rapid heartbeat) develop.

    Transdermal

    Patients who smoke ≤10 cigarettes daily: Initially, 14 mg daily for 6 weeks, then 7 mg daily for 2 weeks, then discontinue.

    Patients who smoke >10 cigarettes daily: Initially, 21 mg daily for 4–6 weeks; then 14 mg daily for 2 weeks; then 7 mg daily for 2 weeks; then discontinue therapy.

    Intranasal

    Initially, 1–2 sprays (0.5–1 mg) in each nostril per hour (1–2 mg per hour total); may increase up to a maximum of 5 sprays (5 mg) in each nostril per hour (10 mg total) or a maximum total of 80 sprays (40 mg) daily.

    Initially, use at least 16 sprays (8 mg total) daily to increase chance of efficacy. Then, individualize dosage based on nicotine dependence and occurrence of symptoms of nicotine excess.

    Continue treatment in successfully abstinent patients for up to 8 weeks then discontinue over 4–6 weeks.

    Taper dosage by using only 1 spray at a time, using the spray less frequently, keeping a tally of daily usage, trying to meet a steadily reducing usage target, skipping a dose by not medicating every hour, or setting a planned “quit date” for stopping use of the spray. Some patients may not require tapering.

    Oral Inhalation

    Initially, 6–16 cartridges daily for up to 12 weeks, then gradually decrease daily dosage over 6–12 weeks.

    Use ≥6 cartridges daily for the first 3–6 weeks to increase chance of efficacy. Individualize dosage based on nicotine dependence and occurrence of symptoms of nicotine excess.

    Taper dosage by using less frequently, keeping a tally of daily usage, trying to meet a steadily reducing usage target, or setting a planned “quit date” for stopping use of the inhaler. Some patients may not require tapering.

    Prescribing Limits

    Adults

    Smoking Cessation Buccal (Chewing Gum)

    Maximum 2 pieces of 2-mg gum per hour (i.e., maximum 24 pieces [48 mg nicotine] daily). Maximum 12 weeks of therapy.

    Maximum 2 pieces of 4-mg gum per hour (i.e., maximum 24 pieces [96 mg nicotine] daily). Maximum 12 weeks of therapy.

    Clinician supervised: Maximum 30 pieces of 2-mg gum daily (i.e., 60 mg nicotine) or 24 pieces of 4-mg gum daily (i.e., 96 mg nicotine).

    Buccal (Lozenges)

    Maximum 5 lozenges in 6 hours or 20 lozenges daily. Maximum 12 weeks of therapy.

    Transdermal

    Patients who smoke ≤10 cigarettes daily: Maximum 8 weeks of therapy.

    Patients who smoke >10 cigarettes daily: Maximum 10 weeks of therapy.

    Continued therapy for periods longer than usually recommended may be appropriate for certain patients to promote extended abstinence. Continuation of therapy >12 weeks not recommended by manufacturer.

    Intranasal

    Maximum 5 sprays (5 mg) in each nostril per hour (maximum 10 mg total) or a maximum total of 80 sprays (40 mg) daily.

    Manufacturer states that continuing therapy >12 weeks does not improve outcome. Safety of continuing therapy >6 months not established.

    Oral Inhalation

    Maximum 16 cartridges daily for up to 12 weeks.

    Manufacturer states that safety of continuing therapy >6 months not established.

    Special Populations

    No special population dosage recommendations at this time.

    Warnings

    Contraindications

  • Known hypersensitivity to nicotine, menthol (oral inhaler), or any ingredient in the formulation.
  • Nicotine polacrilex gum in patients with temporomandibular joint disease. (See Oral and Dental Effects under Cautions.)

    • Warnings/Precautions

    Warnings

    Nicotine Toxicity

    Risk of nicotine toxicity (e.g., nausea, hypersalivation, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration, headache, dizziness, hearing and visual disturbances, mental confusion, weakness) and addiction. Sustained use of nicotine preparations is not recommended. Weigh risk of nicotine replacement against hazard of continued smoking concurrent with nicotine replacement therapy and likelihood of smoking cessation without nicotine replacement.

    Discontinue nicotine polacrilex lozenges if symptoms suggestive of overdosage (nausea, vomiting, dizziness, diarrhea, weakness, and rapid heartbeat) occur.

    Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity

    Animal studies indicate fetal harm; pregnant women should attempt smoking cessation with educational and behavioral interventions before considering nicotine therapy.

    Use during pregnancy only if the increased likelihood of smoking cessation justifies potential risk to the fetus and patient of nicotine replacement and possible continued smoking. If used during pregnancy or if patient becomes pregnant, apprise of potential fetal hazard.

    General Precautions

    Respiratory Effects

    Possible exacerbation of bronchospasm. Use oral inhaler with caution in patients with bronchospastic disease; other dosage forms may be preferable.

    Intranasal nicotine is not recommended in patients with severe reactive airway disease.

    Nasopharyngeal Effects

    Nicotine nasal spray may irritate nasal mucosa; use of nasal spray not recommended in patients with a history of chronic nasal disorders (e.g., allergy, rhinitis, polyps, sinusitis).

    Discontinue nicotine polacrilex lozenges if severe sore throat occurs.

    Cardiovascular Effects

    Possible increased risk of adverse cardiovascular effects; however, causal relationship between nicotine replacement therapy and cardiac complications not established.

    Discontinue therapy if irregular heartbeat or palpitations occur.

    Use with caution and only after careful evaluation in patients with coronary heart disease (i.e., history of MI, angina pectoris), serious cardiac arrhythmias, or vasospastic diseases (e.g., Buerger's disease, Prinzmetal's variant angina, Raynaud's phenomena). Benefit of nicotine replacement therapy must outweigh risks of continued cigarette smoking.

    Self-medication not recommended in patients in the immediate post-MI period, with serious arrhythmias, or with severe or worsening angina.

    Endocrine Effects

    Possible hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance with prolonged nicotine replacement therapy. Use with caution in hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, or insulin-dependent diabetes.

    GI Effects

    Possible delayed healing of peptic ulcer disease; use with caution.

    Discontinue nicotine polacrilex lozenges if persistent indigestion develops.

    Use nicotine polacrilex gum with caution in patients with a history of esophagitis.

    Hypertension

    Possible increased risk of malignant hypertension in patients with accelerated hypertension; use with caution in such patients.

    Possible perpetuation of hypertension; use with caution in patients with systemic hypertension.

    Nicotine Dependence

    Transference of dependence on nicotine may occur; potential for abuse and dependence on nicotine nasal spray appears to be greater than that for other formulations of nicotine (i.e., nicotine polacrilex gum, transdermal nicotine systems) but less than that of cigarettes.

    To minimize withdrawal symptoms and the risk of dependence on nicotine, withdraw gradually or discontinue use of nicotine polacrilex gum or transdermal or intranasal nicotine after 2–3 months of therapy.

    Concern exists regarding possible risk of nicotine dependence transference from use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) such as e-cigarettes and vape pens in individuals, particularly adolescents, not previously dependent on nicotine but who subsequently transition to actual cigarette use.

    Phenylketonuria

    Commit nicotine polacrilex lozenges contain aspartame (NutraSweet), which is metabolized in the GI tract to provide 3.4 mg of phenylalanine per lozenge.

    Oral and Dental Effects

    Risk of occlusal stress when nicotine polacrilex gum is chewed for long periods of time; may result in displaced dental restorations or loosening of dental inlays or fillings. Gum may stick to dentures, dental caps, or partial bridges; if excessive sticking or damage to dental work occurs, discontinue gum and consult clinician.

    Use nicotine polacrilex gum with caution in patients with a history of oral or pharyngeal inflammation, or dental conditions exacerbated by chewing gum.

    Discontinue nicotine polacrilex lozenges if mouth problems develop.

    Dermatologic Effects

    Possible skin reactions (e.g., urticaria, hives, rash) with transdermal systems. Increased risk of such reactions in patients with some dermatologic conditions (e.g., psoriasis, atopic or eczematous dermatitis).

    If skin reaction occurs, discontinue transdermal system and contact clinician; topical corticosteroids and/or oral antihistamines recommended.

    Risk of contact sensitization with transdermal systems; serious reaction may occur with re-exposure to smoking or other nicotine products.

    Nervous System Effects

    Potential adverse nervous system effects (e.g., insomnia, headache, dizziness, lightheadedness).

    Specific Populations

    Pregnancy

    Category D. (See Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity under Cautions.)

    Lactation

    Distributed into milk. Use caution.

    Weigh risk of exposure to nicotine in drug versus risk of nicotine and other components of tobacco smoke from cigarettes.

    Pediatric Use

    Safety and efficacy not established.

    Use or ingestion of used or unused nicotine replacement systems by children may cause poisoning or be fatal; keep used and unused containers out of reach of children.

    Risk of choking if nicotine oral inhalers are swallowed; keep out of reach of children.

    Geriatric Use

    Insufficient experience in patients ≥65 years of age to determine whether geriatric patients respond differently than younger adults; select dosage with caution because of age-related decreases in hepatic, renal, and/or cardiac function and potential for concomitant disease.

    Hepatic Impairment

    Not studied in patients with hepatic impairment; use with caution.

    Renal Impairment

    Not studied in patients with renal impairment; clearance may be decreased in patients with severe renal impairment.

    Common Adverse Effects

    Buccal therapy (gum): Indigestion; nausea; hiccups; traumatic injury to oral mucosa and/or teeth; irritation and/or tingling of the tongue, mouth, and throat; oral mucosal ulceration; jaw-muscle ache; eructation; gum sticking to teeth; unpleasant taste; dizziness; lightheadedness; headache; insomnia.

    Buccal therapy (lozenges): Nausea, dyspepsia, flatulence, headache, upper respiratory tract infections.

    Transdermal therapy: Application site reactions (i.e., pruritus, burning, or erythema), diarrhea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, dry mouth.

    Intranasal therapy: Runny nose, throat irritation, watery eyes, sneezing, cough.

    Oral inhalation therapy: Dyspepsia, oropharyngeal irritation (e.g., coughing, mouth and throat irritation), rhinitis, headache.

    What other drugs will affect Nicotine

    Cigarette smoke and nicotine induce hepatic enzymes.

    Smoking Cessation

    Cessation of smoking may alter the response to concomitant administration of various drugs in patients who previously smoked.

    Potential pharmacokinetic interaction (decreased metabolism and increased blood concentrations of certain drugs) with cessation of smoking.

    Consider the effect of smoking cessation in patients receiving nicotine replacement therapy when patient is receiving other drugs concomitantly.

    Sympathomimetic and Sympatholytic Drugs

    Potential pharmacodynamic interaction (increased circulating plasma concentrations of cortisol and catecholamines); may require dosage adjustment of sympathomimetic (adrenergic) or sympatholytic (adrenergic blocking) drugs.

    Possible altered absorption of transdermal nicotine from drugs producing cutaneous vasoconstriction (e.g., sympathomimetic agents) or vasodilation (e.g., antihypertensive agents).

    Foods Affecting Salivary Acidity

    Transient decrease of salivary pH may inhibit buccal absorption of nicotine from gum, lozenge, or oral inhaler.

    Specific Drugs and Foods

    Drug or Food

    Interaction

    Comments

    Acetaminophen

    Smoking cessation may decrease metabolism and increase blood concentrations of acetaminophen

    Decrease dosage of acetaminophen as required

    Acidic beverages (e.g., coffee, juices, carbonated soft drinks)

    May inhibit buccal absorption of nicotine from gum, lozenge, or orally inhaled drug

    Do not eat or drink for 15 minutes before and during gum or lozenge therapy

    Adrenergic agonists (e.g., isoproterenol, phenylephrine)

    Smoking cessation may decrease circulating plasma concentrations of catecholamines

    Increase dosage of adrenergic agonists as required

    Adrenergic antagonists (e.g., prazosin, labetalol)

    Smoking cessation may decrease circulating plasma concentrations of catecholamines

    Decrease dosage of adrenergic antagonists as required

    β-Adrenergic blocking agents (e.g., propranolol)

    Smoking cessation may decrease metabolism and increase blood concentrations of β-adrenergic blocking agents

    Smoking cessation may restore the decreased cardiac output and hypotensive effect induced by propranolol

    Decrease dosage of β-adrenergic blocking agent as required

    Bupropion

    Possible increased risk of hypertension

    May be used concomitantly with transdermal nicotine therapy

    Caffeine

    Smoking cessation may decrease metabolism and increase blood concentrations of caffeine

    Decrease dosage of caffeine as required

    Furosemide

    Smoking cessation may increase diuretic effects of furosemide

    Glutethimide

    Smoking cessation may decrease absorption of glutethimide

    Insulin

    Smoking cessation increases absorption of suBCutaneous insulin

    Monitor blood glucose closely; adjust insulin dosage as needed

    Nasal vasoconstrictors (e.g., xylometazoline)

    Delays time to peak plasma concentration of nicotine nasal spray

    Oxazepam

    Smoking cessation may decrease metabolism and increase blood concentrations of oxazepam

    Decrease dosage of oxazepam as required

    Pentazocine

    Smoking cessation may decrease metabolism and increase blood concentrations of pentazocine

    Decrease dosage of pentazocine as required

    Propoxyphene

    Smoking cessation may decrease metabolism of propoxyphene

    Decrease dosage of propoxyphene as required

    Theophylline

    Smoking cessation may decrease metabolism and increase blood concentrations of theophylline

    Monitor plasma concentrations and adjust dosage of theophylline as required

    Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., imipramine)

    Smoking cessation may decrease metabolism and increase blood concentrations of tricyclic antidepressants

    Adjust dosage of tricyclic antidepressant as required

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