Rosemary

Generic name: Rosmarinus Officinalis L.
Brand names: Anthos, Old Man, Rosemary

Usage of Rosemary

The active pharmacological compounds related to rosemary have anti-inflammatory, chemopreventive, antiproliferative, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective effects, as well as decrease risks related to obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, among others.de Oliveira 2019, Sánchez-Camargo 2017 A review suggests that the anti-inflammatory activity of rosemary essential oil occurs mainly through inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B transcription and suppression of the arachidonic acid cascade. Its antioxidant activity also aids by preventing injury caused by the reactive species of inflammation.Borges 2019 Rosemary's spasmolytic effect has been attributed to antagonism of acetylcholine, with borneol considered the most active component of the oil.Barnes 2007 Alpha-pinenes and beta-pinenes exhibit spasmogenic activity towards smooth muscle but have no effect on cardiac muscle.Barnes 2007

Antiasthmatic effects

Clinical data

A randomized, controlled, single-blind study in healthy individuals (N=106) revealed no changes in any spirometry measures evaluated following inhalation of rosemary essential oil.Koteles 2018 However, in a small double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study, patients with bronchial asthma (N=16) were treated with 1,8-cineole (a major component of rosemary oil). Twelve patients experienced improvement in this inflammatory-induced condition.Borges 2019

Anticonvulsant activity

In vitro data

In terms of anticonvulsant activity, in vitro human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells were exposed to rosemary oil at a concentration of 0.054 mg/mL. Rosemary essential oil inhibited CaV3.2 T-type calcium channels, and rosmarinic acid was determined to be the active component responsible for this activity.Bahr 2019

Antigenotoxic effects

In vitro and in vivo data

Evidence of antigenotoxic effects of rosemary and its phytochemicals has been demonstrated in some in vitro and in vivo studies.López-Romero 2018

Anti-inflammatory activity

Animal data

In rabbits, rosmarinic acid (20 mg/kg intravenously) decreased endotoxin-induced complement activation, formation of prostacyclin, thrombocytopenia, and the release of thromboxane A2.Barnes 2007, Bult 1985 The application of topical rosmarinic acid (5%) to rhesus monkeys reduced gingival plaque indices when compared with placebo.Barnes 2007

Clinical data

In a randomized, controlled, open and double-blind trial in 110 volunteers, a rosemary-based toothpaste effectively treated gingival bleeding and reduced bacterial plaque when compared with conventional toothpaste.Valones 2019

Antilipidemic effects

Clinical data

Small-scale clinical trials have evaluated the hypolipidemic effects of dried rosemary leaf powder (2, 5, or 10 g/day for 2 months). In a study of patients with dyslipidemia, rosemary decreased fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) by ameliorating oxidant-antioxidant content. In addition, rosemary powder (3 g/day for 4 weeks) ameliorated the lipid profile and blood glucose in a study of patients with type 2 diabetes.Farkhondeh 2019

Antimicrobial and antiviral effects

Animal and in vitro data

Rosemary oil has in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties.Begum 2013, Duke 1992, Ulbricht 2010 Rosemary essential oil was found to exhibit significant antifungal effects against Aspergillus flavus in a dose-dependent manner. Compared to 100% growth inhibition with nystatin, rosemary essential oil inhibited growth ranging from 15.3% at concentrations of 250 mcg/mL up to 93.2% at 2,000 mcg/mL. The production of aflatoxins was inhibited at concentrations below those that were fungistatic.da Silva Bomfim 2019 Carnosic acid, isolated from rosemary, exhibited strong in vitro inhibitory effects against HIV protease in one study.Paris 1993 In addition, carnosol and ursolic acid have inhibited a range of food spoilage microbes; this activity was comparable to known antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).Barnes 2007 Hexane and ethyl acetate fractions from the R. officinalis flower exhibited remarkable in vitro antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities, possibly due to their polyphenol content.Karadağ 2019

Clinical data

Clinical data regarding the use of rosemary oil or extracts for antibacterial or antifungal use are limited. A report on the use of rosemary to treat head lice found it to be ineffective, although rosemary has been traditionally used for this purpose.Veal 1996

Antioxidant activity

Animal data and in vitro data

Antioxidant activity has been described for rosemary, with the chemical constituents carnosol and carnosic acid accounting for the majority of the antioxidant properties.Aruoma 1992, Begum 2013, Roohbakhsh 2020, Ulbricht 2010 Lipophilic and hydrophobic fractions of rosemary showed activity by inhibiting superoxide anion production in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system.Barnes 2007

Clinical data

Although there are no clinical data regarding antioxidant use of rosemary oil or extracts, antioxidant activity may be the underlying mechanism of action for other pharmacological effects.

Antispasmodic activity

In vitro data

Antispasmodic action of rosemary oil in isolated guinea pig smooth muscle and cardiac tissue has been described.Barnes 2007

Cancer

Animal data

In vitro and animal studies have demonstrated anticancer effects of rosemary extracts (especially carnosol and carnosic, ursolic, and rosemarinic acids), with a variety of mechanisms of action proposed, including induction of apoptosis, radical scavenging, and inhibition of tumorigenesis.Ngo 2011

Dietary supplementation in laboratory animals with rosemary extract 1% resulted in a significant (47%) decrease in the incidence of experimentally induced mammary tumors compared with controls.Singletary 1991, Singletary 1997 The extract enhanced activities of enzymes that detoxify reactive substances in mouse liver and stomach.Singletary 1997 Skin tumors in mice were inhibited by application of rosemary extract to the area.Huang 1994 Overall, rosemary extract, carnosic acid, and rosmarinic acid have been shown to have various potent and effective anticancer properties. However, more systematic studies are required in animals before clinical studies are initiated.Moore 2016

CNS effects

Animal and in vitro data

A neuroprotective effect was demonstrated in vitro, with rosemary extract enhancing the synthesis of nerve growth factor in T98G human glioblastoma cells.Ulbricht 2010 In older studies in rodents, administration or inhalation of the oil affected the cerebral cortex, decreased immobility duration (antidepressant-like effects), and improved endurance tests.Ulbricht 2010

Rosemary diterpenes have also been shown to inhibit neuronal cell death induced by a variety of agents, both in vitro and in vivo.Habtemariam 2016 In a scopolamine-induced dementia rat model of Alzheimer disease, the memory enhancing effects of rosemary extract (200 mg/kg orally) were linked with a direct effect on acetyl cholinesterase activity. While mRNA expression of butyrylcholinesterase in the cortex was inhibited, its expression in the hippocampus was enhanced by rosemary extract.Ozarowski 2013

Clinical data

In at least 2 small, randomized controlled trials examining the aromatherapeutic effects of rosemary oil, improved recall was demonstrated.Burnett 2004, Moss 2003 Although experimental studies have shown decreased anxiety and increased alertness with rosemary oil inhalation, additional studies are needed.Ulbricht 2010 One study demonstrated improved speed but not accuracy in computing mathematical calculations when 40 adults were given rosemary aromatherapy.Diego 1998, Ulbricht 2010 Two studies have suggested that the effects of rosemary essential oil in managing pain may have been due to altered perceptions rather than direct analgesia.Buckle 1999, Gedney 2004

Clinical studies evaluating the administration of oral rosemary extracts demonstrated equivocal results, with one study suggesting a dose-dependent effect.Lindheimer 2013, Pengelly 2012

In a crossover study of 28 elderly participants, low-dose rosemary (750 mg) improved measures of memory speed, whereas higher doses (6 g) impaired responses.Pengelly 2012 A study of healthy young adults with olfactory senses blocked and administered rosemary 1.7 g orally showed no effect on motivation to perform cognitive tasks.Lindheimer 2013

In a double-blind, randomized controlled trial, students (N=68) were randomized to receive 500 mg capsules of rosemary or placebo twice daily for 1 month. Prospective and retrospective memory performance, depression, anxiety, and sleep quality of the students were measured at baseline and after 1 month. The scores of all the scales and subscales, except for sleep latency and sleep duration components, were significantly decreased in the rosemary group compared with the control group after 1 month. It was concluded that rosemary, when used at a safe dose, could be used to boost prospective and retrospective memory, reduce anxiety and depression, and improve sleep quality in university students.Nematolahi 2018

Dermatology/Alopecia

Animal data

A study in mice demonstrated that rosemary leaf extract applied topically improved hair growth, possibly via inhibition of testosterone reductase.Murata 2013

Clinical data

In a randomized clinical trial evaluating rosemary oil and minoxidil 2% in patients with androgenetic alopecia (N=100), no change in outcome measures at 3 months occurred; however, at 6 months both groups showed increased hair counts from baseline on photographic assessment. Effects of rosemary oil were reported to be equivalent to those of minoxidil.Panahi 2015 Rosemary acts by improving blood circulation and vascularity, helping the regeneration of follicles similar to the effect provided by minoxidil.Dhariwala 2019

Diabetes

Animal and in vitro data

Rosemary extract and rosemary extract polyphenols such as carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid have shown insulin-like effects in insulin target cells in vitro and have exerted antidiabetic effects in different animal models of type 2 diabetes mellitus in vivo.Naimi 2017

Clinical data

A clinical study evaluating rosemary in combination with polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with type 1 diabetes as a strategy to improve oxidative damage showed equivocal results.Balderas 2010 Additional clinical trials are warranted to examine the effects of rosemary extract and its polyphenolic constituents directly in humans.Naimi 2017

Immunomodulatory effects

Animal and in vitro data

Immunomodulatory effects of rosemary extract have been demonstrated in a rat model of peritoneal adhesion, particularly at concentrations of 2% and 4%. Peritoneal adhesions as well as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta1, and vascular endothelial growth factor were all significantly reduced with rosemary extract compared to control/vehicle groups.Roohbakhsh 2020 In bone marrow mast cells, rosemary leaf extract inhibited early allergic signaling pathway activation (eg, NF-kappaB) as well as significantly impaired mRNA for several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (ie, IL-6, IL-13, TNF) thereby reducing downstream production and release. Consequently, the resulting activation of mast cell degranulation was also significantly inhibited.Yousef 2020

Rosemary side effects

Dermatitis, allergy, and photosensitivity to rosemary have been reported in hypersensitive individuals.Barnes 2007, Duke 2002, Khan 2010

Topical application of essential oils can cause seizures in susceptible individuals with epilepsy. Camphor content in rosemary essential oil was thought to be the cause of a seizure in a patient with a history of epilepsy; the patient had not experienced a seizure in 8 years but experienced a breakthrough (relapse) seizure after a massage with a topical blend of sea fennel, maritime pine, sea buckthorn, and rosemary essential oils.Bahr 2019

Before taking Rosemary

Rosemary has GRAS status when used as food. Dosages above those found in food should be avoided because safety and efficacy are unproven. Rosemary inhibited uterotropic actions of estradiol and estrone in rodent studies.Zhu 1998 Rosemary may have emmenagogic and abortifacient effects, although evidence is weak.Duke 2002, Ernst 2002

How to use Rosemary

Various rosemary preparations have been used for various indications; however, clinical evidence is lacking to provide dosing recommendations for any indication. Traditional uses include 2 g of chopped leaf infused in water, or 2 to 4 g of the shoot. Other decoctions have been described.Duke 2002

Low oral doses (750 mg) of dried rosemary leaf powder were used in a clinical study for improvement of memory speed in elderly patients, while higher doses (6 g) impaired memory speed.Pengelly 2012

Studies evaluating rosemary aromatherapy used 3 to 4 drops for inhalation.Burnett 2004, Moss 2003

Warnings

Information regarding toxicity is limited. As with most essential oils, ingestion of large amounts of rosemary essential oil can be toxic.Duke 2002 Antigonadotrophic activity has been described in mice,Newall 1996 and an anti-implantation effect has also been described in rat experimentation.Lemonica 1996 Rosemary oil contains 20% to 50% camphor. Camphor causes epileptiform convulsions when taken orally in sufficient quantity.Barnes 2007

What other drugs will affect Rosemary

None well documented.

Disclaimer

Every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided by Drugslib.com is accurate, up-to-date, and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. Drug information contained herein may be time sensitive. Drugslib.com information has been compiled for use by healthcare practitioners and consumers in the United States and therefore Drugslib.com does not warrant that uses outside of the United States are appropriate, unless specifically indicated otherwise. Drugslib.com's drug information does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients or recommend therapy. Drugslib.com's drug information is an informational resource designed to assist licensed healthcare practitioners in caring for their patients and/or to serve consumers viewing this service as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners.

The absence of a warning for a given drug or drug combination in no way should be construed to indicate that the drug or drug combination is safe, effective or appropriate for any given patient. Drugslib.com does not assume any responsibility for any aspect of healthcare administered with the aid of information Drugslib.com provides. The information contained herein is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. If you have questions about the drugs you are taking, check with your doctor, nurse or pharmacist.

Popular Keywords