Anal cancer

Anal cancer's disease overview

anus is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract, followed by the rectum.

Anal cancer is a condition of mutated, uncontrolled anal cells in the anal tube. Is anal cancer dangerous? The cancer slowly evolved in stages from 1 to 4 but the disease is different from colorectal cancer about causes, risk factors, symptoms and treatments.

Anal is created by many different types of cells, each can become malignant. There are 5 types of anal cancer classified based on 5 different types of cells:

  • The most common: The most common
    • Similar to scaling cells glandular carcinoma
  • Basal cell carcinoma: is a form of skin cancer that appears in the skin around the anus < /Li>
  • melanoma melanoma

    • Causes of Anal cancer's disease

    Causes of anal cancer currently have not been proven. Some risk factors include:

  • HPV infection (Human Papillomavirus): Studies have shown that HPV infection is a risk factor for anal cancer. HPV infected sex is the most common transmission. Li> regular stimuli in the anus: Anal stimuli causes swelling, redness, pain increases the risk of developing anal cancer
  • anal leak Mercy between anal tube and external skin. The fistula often flows, the stool causes tissue irritation around the anus. subject. Smokers The risk of anal cancer increases 8 times compared to non -smokers. Immunodeficiency is at high risk of anal cancer.

    • Symptoms of Anal cancer's disease

    Early anal cancer symptoms are often unclear and nonspecific. Patients with anal cancer may have the following symptoms:

  • Bleeding from the anus: Blood is usually bright red, possibly bright red blood to toilet paper
  • Pain in the anus: Severe pain in the anus
  • Prevent and flow from the anal canal: It may be blood fluids or odors
  • blocks or swelling around the anus hole
  • Digestive disorders: Constipation or diarrhea
  • Change of stools

    • Anal cancer is divided into 4 stages based on the T indicators ( tumor- tumor), n (node- lymphadenopathy) and m (metastasis- metastasis).

  • Stage 1: The tumor is less than 2 cm and has no metastases or metastases far away
  • Stage 2: The tumor is greater than 2 cm and has no metastases or metastases far

    • Stage 3a: any tumor is any size and invade to the lymph nodes or neighboring organs (uterus, bladder, vagina ...)

  • Stage 3b: tumors invade nearby organs but lymph nodes are limited around the rectum, no distant metastasis. Or any size tumor, invasive zone lymph nodes or lymph nodes but no distant metastasis

    • Stage 4: End -stage anal cancer , the tumor metastasizes far to another organ.

    Recurrent anal cancer: is a condition of cancer back after treatment.

    People at risk for Anal cancer's disease

  • HPV infected people
  • Smokers lasting
  • Immunological impairment: HIV, using immunosuppressive drugs (autoimmune, organ transplantation. . Li>

    Prevention of Anal cancer's disease

    Currently, there are no specific anal cancer prevention measures.

    Some measures to reduce the risk factor of the disease include:

  • HPV vaccination: Currently Vietnam has HPV vaccine for 3 Typs 16, 18 and 32. /Li>
  • Restricting relationships with many partners: increases the risk of HPV and HIV
  • using condoms: Condoms can protect HIV to avoid HIV infection but no The effect of fully protected with HPV
  • stop smoking

    • Diagnostic measures for Anal cancer's disease

    Diagnosis of anal cancer is based on clinical signs and tests:

  • Visit the rectal anus by hand: recommend the annual rectal anal examination for male patients greater than 50 years old and female patients when examining the sub -frame area. > Endoscopy anal pipe: Performed when examining anal pipes manually there are many doubts. Endoscopy helps directly assess damage. The biopsy is performed while anal endoscopy has a suspected lesion. Go to the layers of the anal tube. /Li>
  • PET/CT: Evaluation of lesions on the spot and metastases away from the whole body.

    • Anal cancer's disease treatments

    Rectal cancer treatment currently has 3 main methods: surgery, radiation and chemicals. Treatment regimen depends on the factors:

  • Type anal cancer, the stage of disease.
  • Consider complications or side effects of treatment
    • >
  • Patient condition
    • surgery
  • Early stage (1,2): Cut off the anus tumor and some surrounding organizations. The patient was monitored periodically later. Still appointed surgery. However, with the advancement of radiation and chemicals, patients with late stage anal cancer have no surgery but instead of radiation therapy simultaneously

    Cases of tumor progression or recurrence of patients may be indicated for artificial anus.

    Radiotherapy
  • In radiation cancer is often combined with chemicals. Patients are usually radiotherapy for 5 days/week for 5-6 weeks. When going to the toilet, temporary anal stimuli (red skin, swelling ...)
    • chemotherapy

    in the treatment of anal cancer, chemical regimen often combines a lot Example: Fluorouracil (5-fu, adrucil) in combination with mitomycin C (mitozytrez, mamamycin) or cisplatin. Patients with HIV with anal cancer needed lower doses of dependent and immune system of the patient.

    Side effects of chemicals include fatigue, vomiting and nausea, hair loss, diarrhea, anorexia.

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