Diphthera

Diphthera's disease overview

Diphtheria is an infection of bacteria, which can be prevented by vaccination. Infections in the upper airway or the nose area create a gray film, which is present in the larynx or trachea, which can cause hissing and clogging. Having a nose can cause nasal bleeding. Diphtheria toxin causes muscle paralysis, myocarditis, leading to death

Diphore is extremely rare in the United States and other developed countries, thanks to spacious vaccination against this disease.

Currently, there are drugs to treat diphtheria, however, in the progressive stage, diphtheria can harm the heart, kidney and nervous system of the patient. Even when treatment, diphtheria can be fatal with a rate of 3% of people with diphtheria death, this rate is higher in children under 15 years old.

What is

What is diphtheria , the cause, how to prevent and treat diphtheria ?  

Causes of Diphthera's disease

Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the cause of diphtheria.

Symptoms of Diphthera's disease

Signs and symptoms usually start two to five days after being infected as follows:

  • fake the sides of the throat, ivory, gray, black, tough, sticky, easy to bleed.
  • Sore throat and hoarseness
  • Swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck
  • Difficulty breathing or fast breathing
  • Ryrange
  • Fever and chills

    • Uncomfortable

    In some people, diphtheria infections cause only mild or no clear symptoms and symptoms. People who are infected but still do not know about their illness are called Carriers of Diphtheria, because they can spread the disease to the community without symptoms. >

    Cutaneous diphtheria

    The second type of diphtheria can affect the skin with symptoms of pain, redness and swelling, ulcers covered by a gray membrane in the pharynx can also grow in diphtheria on the skin. Although this disease is more common in the tropical climate, diphtheria on the skin also occurs in the United States, especially in people with poor hygiene, living in crowded conditions. When to see a doctor? If it is not sure whether children have been vaccinated with diphtheria, parents should also take their children to medical facilities to examine and check this issue. Parents, make sure your children get a full and scheduled diphtheria vaccine.

    complications of diphtheria

    If left untreated, diphtheria can lead to:

  • Breathing problem. Bacteria that cause diphtheria can produce toxins and this toxin causing tissue damage in the infection area immediately - usually the nose and throat. At that position, the infection produces a gray epidural including dead cells, bacteria and other substances. This membrane can hinder the respiration.
  • heart attack. Diphipose toxin can spread through blood and damage other tissues in the body, such as myocardial muscle, causing complications such as myocarditis. Heartitis caused by mild myocarditis, manifestations are small abnormalities on the electrocardiogram or serious leads to congestive and sudden heart failure.
  • Neurological damage. Toxins can also cause nerve damage. The typical goal is that the nerves in the throat cause difficulty swallowing, if in the arms and legs may also be inflamed, causing muscle weakness. If the corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin damages the nerves that help control the respiratory muscles, these muscles may be paralyzed. 

    • Regarding treatment, most people with diphtheria survive these complications, but the recovery process is often slow. Diphtheria is deadly at about 3%of those who are sick.

    Transmission route of Diphthera's diseaseDiphthera

    Usually corynebacterium diphtheriae multiplies on or near the surface of the mucous membrane of the throat. Corynebacterium diphtheriae spread through three roads:

  • Through water drops in the air. When a person is infected with sneezing or coughing will emit a drop of water containing pathogens, nearby people can inhale corynebacterium diphtheriae. Diphtheria spread quickly in this way, especially in crowded places.
  • through personal items containing pathogens. In some cases, diphtheria has not yet cleaned the items that the infected person used from the unnamed drinking water cup of the infected person or in contact with the tissue that the patient had used ...
  • polluted household appliances. In some cases, it is rarer than being infected with diphtheria through household items, such as towels or toys.

    • Healthy people can also come into contact with diphtheria bacteria when touching an infected wound. People who have been infected with diphtheria but untreated can be infected with healthy people within six weeks - even if they don't have any symptoms.

    People at risk for Diphthera's disease

    People at risk of diphtheria include:

  • Children and adults are not given diphtheria vaccine
  • People living in crowded or unsanitary conditions
  • Anyone traveling to an area with diphtheria disease

    • Diphore rarely occurs in the United States and Western Europe, where health officials have vaccinated children against this situation for decades. However, diphtheria is still common in developing countries where the vaccination rate is low. In diphtheria vaccination areas, this disease is mainly a threat to people who have not been vaccinated or incomplete vaccination, international tourists or contact with. People from underdeveloped countries.

    Prevention of Diphthera's disease

  • Before antibiotics, diphtheria is a common disease in young children. Today, this disease can not only be cured but can also be prevented with vaccines.

    • Diphore vaccine is usually combined with tetanus and pertussis vaccines. The three-in-one vaccine is called a diphtheria vaccine, tetanus and pertussis. The latest version of this vaccine is called DTAP vaccine for children and TDAP vaccine for teenagers and adults.

    Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine is one of the vaccines recommended by doctors in the United States during the newborn. The vaccine is usually injected in the arm or thigh when the child is at 5 years of age:

  • 2 months
  • 4 months
  • 6 months
  • 15 to 18 months
  • 4 to 6 years old

    • Diphicella vaccine is effective in preventing diphtheria. But there may be some side effects. Some children may have a mild, fussy fever, drowsiness or pain at the injection site after the dtap injection. Ask the doctor what parents can make children minimize or reduce these effects.

  • Rarely DTAP vaccines cause serious complications in children, such as allergic reactions (urticaria or rash within minutes after injection), convulsions or shock - complications can be treated.

    • Some children such as children with epilepsy or other nervous systems should not be vaccinated DTAP.

  • After completing the 5 upper stitches in childhood, healthy people also need to repeat diphtheria vaccine to help maintain immunity. That's because immunity for diphtheria decreases over time.
  • Children who are fully vaccinated as recommended before 7 years of age should be reiterated at the age of 11 to 12 years old. The next prompt was recommended 10 years later, then repeated after a period of 10 years. The injection repeat is especially important if the healthy people go to the common diphtheria areas.
  • Diphtheria vaccine is repeated in combination with a reminded tetanus vaccine (TD). This combination vaccine is injected by injection in the arm or thigh.

    • Diagnostic measures for Diphthera's disease

    The doctor may suspect diphtheria when a child has a sore throat with a gray membrane that covers tonsils and throat. The doctor will specify the sampling of a speech in the throat or tissue samples from the infected wound and take a test to check whether it is a corynebacterium diphtheriae. If the doctor suspects having diphtheria, the treatment will start immediately, even before the bacterial test results.

    Diphthera's disease treatments

    toxin resistance

    Use 40,000 diphtheria toxin (TM or TM), as a delay may increase the risk of death. Because there is a small risk that may be severely anticipated with horse serum in toxin resistance, so first it is necessary to try testing in the skin first to detect hypersensitivity and must be ready to treat anaphylaxis. 

    antibiotics

    Any child suspected of diphtheria needs deep intramuscular injection with Procaine Benzylpenicillin dose of 50mg/kg (maximum 1.2g) for 10 days. This drug should not be intravenous.

    Oxygen therapy

    Avoid oxygen breathing unless the airway is obstructed. Signs such as heavy chest concave or uneasiness are more likely to be the indication of the trachea opening (or intubation) rather than for oxygen breathing. In addition, using nasal catheter or nose can make children uncomfortable and quickly promote airway obstruction.

    However, oxygen should be obstructed if the congestion and intubation or air trachea are thought to be necessary.

    Open trachea/intubation

    Open trachea should only be done by a team of experienced, when there are signs of fully obstructing airway obstruction, such as heavy breathing and irritability. At that time, opening emergency trachea should be implemented. The intubation through the mouth is a replacement procedure, but can peel off fake and cannot be cleared.

    Support treatment

  • If the child has a fever (≥ 39 degrees C), which makes the child uncomfortable, using paracetamol.
  • Encourage children to eat and drink.
  • If your child is difficult to swallow, can feed through the stomach nasal sonde tube. Stomach sonde tubes should be placed by an experienced doctor, or if possible, by anesthetist.  
  • Avoid regular examination and perform invasive procedures when possible or avoid disturbing children when not needed.

    • monitoring

    Children's condition, especially respiratory condition, should be assessed by nursing every 3 hours and by a doctor twice a day. Children should be located near the nursing room, so that they can detect any signs of airway obstruction soon as soon as the new signs are heavier.

    See also:

  • Should take a child with a fever within 24 hours if there are the following manifestations
  • If a child has a sore throat, should he go to the hospital?
  • Instructions for caring for children with acute nasopharyngitis properly

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