Leptospira infection

Leptospira infection's disease overview

Leptospirosis disease or jaundice is a disease caused by leptospira.

Leptospira is a very thin bacterium with a diameter of 0.1-0.2 micrometers, from 5-25 micrometers long. Observe under a black background microscopy, seeing strong mobility bacteria, thin bacteria like hair, two curved heads like hooks. This type of bacteria cultured in aerobic conditions. Often raised in liquid environments with additional animal serum such as rabbits, pH 7.2-7.5, temperatures 28-30 degrees Celsius and rich in oxygen. Leptospira grows slowly and after 6-10 days to develop well, can cloud the environment like cigarette smoke. In general, Leptospira has weak resistance, but higher than other bacteria, and dies rapidly in an acidic environment. Leptospira can live freely in the soil, in fresh and salty water, live monthly, but with sunlight is quickly dead.

Jaundice disease is an animal disease and transmitted to humans with very diverse clinical forms from hidden bacteria, mild form without jaundice or no signs of meningitis, to form. Acute clinical clinicals such as heavy jaundice is also known as Weil syndrome that can lead to death.

The disease has 2 periods called 2 -phase fever. During the 1st period, the stage of acute bacterial infection, followed by phase 2, the immune stage of jaundice. The distinction between these two stages is often not clear and in mild illnesses, there is usually no stage 2.

The non -jaundice disease is sudden, and is often confused with the influenza such as high fever, tremor, nausea, vomiting, severe headache, muscle aches, especially muscle pain in the back, abdomen, muscles legs and thighs. The rare manifestations such as rash, sore throat, even fear of light, chaotic spirit, chest pain, cough, can cough. The majority of patients recover and have no symptoms in about 1 week, in some cases of stage 2 after 1-3 days along with the generation of antibodies. In general, symptoms in phase 1 often change like fever may only a few days but can also last up to 1 week, lighter muscle pain and at stage 2 can lead to aseptic meningitis for a few days .

Severe illness is also known as Weil syndrome. In addition to the manifestation of non -jaundice, severe disease also causes jaundice, yellow eyes, urine changes to dark water almost water and bleeding. This disease is caused by leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. Weil syndrome shows such as nosebleeds, on the skin appears dash, hemorrhage and bleeding. In addition, it also causes stomach bleeding - severe intestines, even adrenal bleeding or subarachical bleeding but very rare. If not treated actively, the mortality rate will increase, even in cases of acute liver and kidney failure, vascular disorders causing bleeding or respiratory failure, heart rhythmic disorders due to myocarditis by running. Artificial kidneys.

Causes of Leptospira infection's disease

The cause of jaundice is caused by leptospira infection.

jaundice is found in urine, tissue and blood of animals or rodents, humans may be infected with jaundice when exposed to these sources of infection. The risk of disease when exposed to wet soil or vegetation contaminated with urine of infected animals, especially those such as:

cattle, dogs, reptiles and amphibians.

Mouse and other rodents, which are the most important subjects of leptospira.

Symptoms of Leptospira infection's disease

Leptospirosi disease s happened over 2 periods:

Period 1: Sudden high fever is 39-40 degrees Celsius, after 1-2 weeks of incubation. In the blood contaminated with bacteria. Fever usually lasts 3-8 days. Accompanied by vomiting, diarrhea, red eyes, pain in the muscles, especially the thigh, calf muscles. There may be symptoms of chills, rash, headache.

Period 2: Fever returns due to organs, especially liver and kidneys that are damaged, causing jaundice, albuminuria, may have meningitis syndrome caused by central nerve damage. The capillaries dilate, can bleed and muscle pain. The bacteria lying on the kidneys and is excreted in the urine. At this stage the body has formed antibodies.

In general, clinical cases have 3 main forms: hepatitis - acute nephritis, clear water meningitis and fever. The prognosis depends on bleeding, hepatitis- acute nephritis, myocardial and nervous complications.

Disease cases are determined based on antibody price signs 4 times or higher in double serum (+) or jaundice isolated (+).

Infection and immunity: In everyone, there is an affection for jaundice, but the clinical manifestations of the disease are not the same, mainly depending on the serum type. Type specific immunity is created after the disease or after using the backup vaccine but between different diseases are not diagonal.

Transmission route of Leptospira infection's diseaseLeptospira infection

Epidemiologists: The source of infection is leptospira and their urine. Regular containers are rodents like mice, they always dig leptospira. Non -frequent containers are cattle, buffaloes, cows, horses, ... The transmission period: Leptospira is released in the urine of animals about 1 month. However, after an acute disease in humans and leptospira animals, it is eliminated in urine for months and even many years. So animals are leptospira storage that can transmit disease for life, especially natural storage.

Roads

Skin is close to the skin, through wounds or through the mucosa due to direct or indirect contact with the source. For example, people who are in direct contact with cattle are sick such as veterinarians, breeding workers or cattle surgery, etc. in the rainy season, especially in flood areas or in swimmers in ponds and lakes. Can also be infected with Leptospira. The disease usually occurs in the rainy season.

But indirectly can be infected through the country infected with Leptospira such as soldiers, forestry workers, mining workers, ...

In our country, jaundice disease is widely circulating in rural, urban, mountainous, coastal, plains ... often encountered in people working in the forest and near the forest like soldiers ( borders), geological workers, forestry, mining, breeding workers and farmers. Today, jaundice is very rare in humans. However, the disease still appears to spread, especially in the rainy season, floods, ...

People at risk for Leptospira infection's disease

Wide jaundice disease circulates everywhere, from rural areas to urban areas in developed, developing countries, except for the northern and southernmost areas of the Earth where the climate is located. harsh. Moreover, Leptospira is also an occupational disease, so the subject is at risk of Leptospira infection such as:

Farmers

Fisheries

Forestry workers, hygiene, mines, breeding, ...

Army

Veterinary doctor

In weak hygiene places, unsecured working environment, not equipped with adequate labor protection.

Prevention of Leptospira infection's disease

Non -specific disease prevention:

By cutting off epidemiological chains such as mice, preventing diseases for cattle but mainly protecting those who have to be exposed to the source of the transmission.

Propaganda and education for people, providing necessary information, especially in places where epidemic circulation, where outbreaks and working environments are at risk of Leptospira infection. <

Hygiene in the disease in the breeding facilities, ... regularly, disinfect and scrub.

Periodically check at animal farming establishments, swimming pools, ... mouse populations to have a rat prevention in time.

In general, the room is not specific.

Prevention of specific diseases by vaccinating. Leptospira infection vaccine is a dead vaccine, but only for subjects to be exposed to the source.

Cases of disease or suspicion must be hospitalized for isolation, timely monitoring and preventing complications. Avoid exposure to blood and secretions of patients, especially urine.

For those who have been exposed to leptospira -contaminated animals and exposure to polluted water, it is necessary to be monitored for the temperature to detect the disease early.

Diagnostic measures for Leptospira infection's disease

Depending on the period of the disease, there is a way to get the disease and the appropriate diagnosis

Period 1: Take blood when patients with high fever, culture and/ or infusion into mice, then identify and determine bacteria.

period 2:

Can take patient urine, centrifugal, injected into young mouse peritoneal, then take blood of mouse culture to look for bacteria.

The patient's blood is looking for antibodies by the "martin-petti" condenser reaction. Antigen is Leptospira living (12 common types of serum in Vietnam). The patient serum is diluted at many concentrations. The place where the most appropriate antigen -antibody ratio will have the phenomenon of "stop staring" - reaction (+). Because Leptospira has many diagonal antigens, the first antibody price must be higher than 1/800 to doubt, so it is a reaction twice to determine the antibody motivation (at least twice).

In fact, leptospirosis diagnosis by serum is more applied, because the culture method is very complicated and difficult to do.

Leptospira infection's disease treatments

Treatment of leptospira infections by using penicillin antibiotics, tetracycline, high treatment effect if used antibiotics early, right from the first days of the disease. Symptomatic treatment also plays an important role.

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