Upper respiratory tract infection

Upper respiratory tract infection's disease overview

The upper respiratory tract includes parts such as sinuses, nose, pharyngeal, larynx. These organizations conduct air from outside the environment into the bronchi and to the lungs to take place of respiratory process. Upper respiratory infection is the process of infection of one or more parts. When different parts are inflamed, there will be different names such as sinusitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, laryngitis ...

What is

What is the upper respiratory tract infection?

This is a common disease in the world. It is estimated that in 2015 there were 17.2 billion cases of respiratory infections worldwide. In 2014, 3,000 deaths due to upper respiratory infections. This is one of the most common reasons for seeing a doctor, and is the disease that makes the patient quit school and work the most. Upper respiratory tract infection ( upper respiratory infection ) can occur at any time, the most common are autumn or winter.

Causes of Upper respiratory tract infection's disease

The upper respiratory infection is generally caused by the direct invasion of viruses or bacteria into the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract. In order for this to happen, pathogens need to overcome some of the physical and immunosupplaces of the body.

The hair on the nasal mucosa is the first fence to trap pathogens. In addition, the mucus layer in the heart also helps to seize bacteria and viruses. The velvet organization in the bronchus will move backwards to the throat to expel the strange agents to enter the digestive tract.

In addition to the continuous physical fence, the immune system also contributes to protecting the body from the agents that invade the upper respiratory tract. VA and tonsils are both parts of the immune system that helps the body fight viruses and bacteria. Through the activities of specialized cells, antibodies and substances in the lymph nodes will attack and destroy the invasive microorganisms.

However, viruses and bacteria invade also have mechanisms against the fence of the body. They can produce toxins to adjust the body's defense system, or change the shape, protein structure surrounded by outside to avoid being detected by the immune system (changing antigen properties). Different agents have a lot of rich mechanisms to overcome the fence of the human body and cause disease.

In addition, different pathogens need different time from the time they invade the body until the time of clinical symptoms (incubation time): The flu virus or the flu should be 1- 4 days, RSV needs 7 days, diphtheria bacteria need 1-10 days ...

Symptoms of Upper respiratory tract infection's disease

Normally, the symptoms of the upper respiratoryitis are the result of toxins secreted by pathogens plus the immune system's inflammatory response. Common symptoms of upper respiratory infections include:

stuffy nose

Ryrepine run>

cough

fatigue, headache, muscle aches, high fever

Symptoms are less common including: Difficulty breathing, area pain in the area Sinuses, itchy eyes, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea.

Symptoms of upper respiratory infections usually last for 3 to 14 days, if longer, they can suggest other diseases such as allergic inflammation, pneumonia, bronchitis.

For viral laryngitis, the patient will be scarce or losing the sound of the sound of the sound of infection, edema.

Upper respiratory infections usually retreat after 5-6 days, can go away on its own within 2 weeks. Although the upper respiratory infections are not severe symptoms, it is one of the reasons that patients have to quit school and leave labor. If co -infected with lower respiratory tract infections, the condition will be more serious due to two self -worse diseases, which are at risk of death. In addition, in patients with severe respiratory infections, bacteria can cause some life -threatening complications such as encephalitis, myocarditis, acute glomerulonephritis.

Transmission route of Upper respiratory tract infection's diseaseUpper respiratory tract infection

In respiratory infections transmitted through the respiratory tract, or through contact with personal belongings in the family/school.

People at risk for Upper respiratory tract infection's disease

risk factors leading to upper respiratory infections include:

Exposure to patients

Do not wash hands after contact with the sick

contact with children at school, or a group of people in the place where Working, traveling ... Li>

immunosuppressive fields such as HIV patients, organ transplants, long -term corticosteroids

patients with abnormalities in anatomy, respiratory physiology such as injury Facial area, upper respiratory trauma, nasal polyps ...

Prevention of Upper respiratory tract infection's disease

There are several measures used to prevent upper respiratory tract infections. Stopping smoking, reducing stress, providing adequate and balanced nutrition, regular exercise are measures to strengthen the immune system and reduce the risk of disease. Breastfeeding is a way to help your baby's immune system healthier because the antibodies in breast milk are transmitted to the baby.

Other measures to prevent the transmission of pathogens such as:

Wash your hands regularly, especially in the cold season or when exposed to patients

Avoid contact with patients during the incubation period, illness and cure

Hygiene of personal items, public appliances

Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing

Injecting the flu vaccine is recommended for one The number of subjects such as the elderly, people with chronic diseases, medical staff are at high risk of contact ...

Diagnostic measures for Upper respiratory tract infection's disease

When suspecting that patients with upper respiratory infections, some tests should be performed for distinguishing diagnosis with some diseases with the same symptoms such as:

Hen

pneumonia

influenza H1N1

allergies, seasonal allergies

Chronic sinusitis

Bronchitis

Usually the diagnosis of the upper respiratory tract infection is done based on symptoms, clinical examination, and sometimes sometimes are some tests. When clinically examined, the doctor will assess the level of swelling and redness of the nasal and throat mucosa, assess the level of hypertrophy of tonsils and the lymph nodes around the neck and head, the level of redness of the sinus. .

Upper respiratory tract infection's disease treatments

Most of the cases of upper respiratory infections are due to viruses so there is no need for specific treatments. Patients can treat symptoms at home without examining a doctor or using the drug.

Rest is an important step in the treatment of upper respiratory infections. Regular activities should be maintained in tolerance, not too much. It is necessary to drink a lot of water to compensate for the amount of water lost due to runny nose, fever and poor eating due to upper respiratory infections. It is necessary to treat symptoms until the infection is completely resolved. Some symptomatic medications:

paracetamol, ibuprofen: antipyretic drugs

antihistamine drugs to reduce secretion and stuffy nose

Cough treatment drugs such as dextromethorphan, Guiifenesin, Codeine

steroids such as Dexamethasone, Prednisolone used to reduce inflammation and respiratory edema

Some drugs used nasal catheter

Antibiotics used in Some cases of upper respiratory infections related to bacteria. However, the use of antibiotics associated with some unwanted effects and can promote antibiotic and secondary infections, so antibiotics should be used cautiously as directed by the doctor. P>

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